medicine Flashcards
(27 cards)
who were barber surgeons and what did they do
did bloodletting and minor surgery based on experience
who were wise women/ men and what did they do
local, gave first aid, herbal remedies and supernatural cures
passed down ideas through generations and trial and error
who were travelling healers and what did they do
extracted teeth, sold potions and mended fractures/ dislocation
who were herbalists in monasteries and what did they do
used herbal treatments, bloodletting and told patients to rest in the infirmary
what were university doctors and what did they do
treated patients using H&G methods, also used Islamic texts to base ideas
there were very few in England, they charged fees for their service and studied for 7 years in a university
most advanced
what were the natural ideas behind causes of disease and how did this affect treatment
Church approved of H&G
doctors used:
clinical observation by checking pulse and urine
used the four humors to base their ideas
what were the supernatural ideas behind causes of disease and how did this affect treatment
the diseases that H&G couldn’t explain were explained through supernatural causes
doctors check the position of stars and reccomended charms and prayer
what were the four humors and who created this idea
idea from Hippocrates
four humors consisted of blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile
doctors believed that a patient fell ill due to the four humors being imbalanced
who came first H or G
Hippocrates
how did christianity affect medieval medicine
Jesus healed the sick so Christians should to
God sent illness as punishment/ test of faith so curing an illness was chalenging God’s will
monks copied and recited ancient texts
prayer mure important cure than drugs
encouraged ill to go on pilgrimage and pray to saints to miracolously cure their illness
hospitals funded by church or wealthy patron (supporter)
believed in care not curre
approved ideas of H&G
church arrested thirteen century man Roger Bacon for suggesting church should do original researcch and not truust old books
why were Muslim doctors inspired to find cure
Muhammad said ‘for every disease, Allah has given a cure’
what were Islamic ideas about medicine
Those with mental illnesses were treated with compassion
valued H&G ideas
Muslim hospitals were for treating as well as caring
how did Islamic medicine spread to Europe
knowledge spread to Italy through trading merchants
universities in Pauda and Bologna became best places to study medicine
these medical ideas reached england through trade as merchants brought new equipment, drugs and books
who was Rhazes and when did he live
distinguished measeles from smallpox for the first time
wrote over 150 books
followed Galen but was critical, one of his books was ‘the doubts of Galen’
who was Ibn Sinna (Avicenna) and when did he live
wrote a great encyclopedia which listed 760 medical drugs and discussed anorexia and obesity
became the standard European textbook used to teach doctors in the west until 17th century
who was Ibn-al-nafis
in 13th century concluded Galen was wrong about how the heart worked - claimed blood circulated the lungs
however Islam didnt allow human dissection and his books weren’t read in the west so Gaelic ideas continued till 17th century
why was medieval surfery dangerous for the patient
didn’t know dirt carried disease
thought pus in a wound was good
couldn’t help those with deep wounds
operated without effective painkillers
painkillers were used like opium and hemlock but do much would kill patient
what were the medieval surgical procedures
bloodletting - to balance 4 humors
amputation
treppaning - drilling hole in skull to let the demon out for epilepsy patients
cauterisation - burning a wound to stop blood flow using heated iron
who was Abulcasis
Muslim surgeon
wrote 30 books in 1000
invented 26 new surgical instruments and many new procedures like ligatures
made cauterisation popular
who was Hugh of Lucca and his son Theodoric
1267, critisised the common view that pus was needed to heal a wound
Used wine on wounds to help reduce chance of infection
new method of removing arrows
not so popular because their ideas clashed with H&G
who was Mondino de Luzzi
led new interest in anatomy in 14th century
in 1316, wrote book anathomia which became standard disection manual for over 200 years
who was John of Arderne
most famous medieval English surgeon, set up a ‘guild of surgeons’, a group who regulated surgical practice and shared knowledge
created surgical manual Practica, based on Greek and Arab knowledge
what was public health like in medieval times when it came to water
hygenic - towns took water from local wells/ rivers; some Roman systems survived and worked well while towns like exeter used new technology with pipes made of wood/ lead
unhygenic - towns grew and couldn’t cope with increase in demand for waterm river were often used for sewage & waste
what was public health like in medieval times when it came to sewage
most houses had privies and cess pits to collect sewage
towns were dirty with few paved streets and cess pits could overflow onto roads/ rivers
