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History (Alistair Mitchell) > Medicine > Flashcards

Medicine Flashcards

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1
Q

The romans believed in _______ and _______ compared to ______ and _________

A

Gods and spirits

science and medicine

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2
Q

What approaches did the romans have to curing ailments?

A

Visiting temples

sacred necklaces

spitting on possesed people

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3
Q

What was the dual approach to ancient medicine?

A

the religious (spiritual) approach and the scientific more natural approach

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4
Q

Who traditionally cared for the sick?

A

Mothers

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5
Q

What home remedies did the wealthy use?

A

Looked up remedies in a large book of home remedies.

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6
Q

What are some examples of herbal remedies used by the ancients?

A

Poppy seeds (opiate)

onion juice

valerian (not steel)

honey

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7
Q

what are some examples of supernatural remedies used by the ancients?

A

charms

praying

sacrifices

bathing and rest

asclepius (ancient greek god of medicine)

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8
Q

what was the cause of illness in the eyes of hypocrates?

A

Inbalance of the four humours

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9
Q

What were some of hypocrates ideas?

A

four humours

clinical observation

rejection of superantural theories

hypocratic oath (taken by doctors)

hypocratic corpus

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10
Q

When did hypocrates live from and where?

A

460BC-370BC

Greek island of Kos

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11
Q

What was the hypocratic oath?

A

The Hippocratic Oath is an oath historically taken by physicians. It is one of the most widely known of Greek medical texts. It requires a new physician to swear, upon a number of healing gods, to uphold specific ethical standards.

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12
Q

How many books in the hypocratic corpus?

A

100

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13
Q

Who came up with the Four Humours?

A

Hippocrates

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14
Q

What were the Four Humors?

A

Blood, Yellow bile, Black bile and Phlegm

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15
Q

If you are healthy what does that suggest?

A

That all the humors are balanced

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16
Q

What is the Hippocratic oath?

A

All doctors had to: doctors are not magicians, keep high standards, work for the patient, keep secrets and not to make themselves wealthy

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17
Q

What were the four clinical observations?

A

Record, observe, diagnose, prognose

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18
Q

What was the healthy regime?

A

Diet, excise, sleep and if it didn’t wok they would purge you to release access humour

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19
Q

How did Galen expand on Hippocrates theory?

A

Galen believed that the humours had to be balanced in order to prove you are healthy. Treatment of Opposites.

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20
Q

How would you balance the humors

A

e.g. if you had too much phlegm then you must take something hot= pepper

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21
Q

What did Galen prove when he operated on a pig

A

He proved that the brain controls our body by cutting the nerves in its back and the pig stopped squealing

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22
Q

What did Galen say about surgery?

A

“Physicians should find out as much as possible from the human body”

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23
Q

When did the Black Death strike in Medieval England

A

1348

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24
Q

What were 2 symptoms for the Black Death

A

Nose Bleeds

Buboes-humps on groin and armpit

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25
2 ways people tried to treat the Black Death?
Herbal remedies Head in foul smelling bucket of waste.
26
2 Impacts on the Black Death
1) mass graves, plague pits 2) Priests attempting to heal people
27
How much of Europe was covered by this plague
1/3
28
What were 2 things that people thought were the cause of the black death?
1) Jews 2) Humors were unbalanced
29
What was the period of the Renaissance
1500-1700
30
What group made majour breakthroughs during the Renaissance?
The Royal Society, set up in 1660
31
What was the main medical treatment during the Renaissance
The Four Humors and Bloodletting
32
What was the understanding of the human body before Vesalius
Basic understanding knowledge which Galen left
33
What did Vesalius prove wrong about the heart?
Galen's theory of the blood flowing through invisible holes in the septum of the heart.
34
What did Vesalius discover about the breastbone and jawbone?
Jawbone, one part, not two. Breastbone, three parts, not seven.
35
What was Vesalius book called
The Fabric of the Human body published- 1543
36
How many mistakes of Galens did Vesalius correct
200
37
What was one of the mistakes Galen had made
the Jaw bone is 1 bone not 2
38
How did Vesalius teach people about anatomy
He did public showcases to teach people anatomy for free
39
What was the date of the second plague during the Renaissance
1665
40
one way people tried to stop the disease from spreading was?
putting them into quarantine
41
How many people died from this plague
100,000
42
Who discovered about the circulation of the blood
William Harvey
43
Due to Harvey finding out about the circulation of blood and the heart. whose idea did this go against?
Galens theory of the brain being in control of the body
44
What date was Harvey's book written and what was it name
1628, it was called: "An Anatomical account of the motion of the heart and blood"
45
Who was the physician who treated smallpox
Edward Jennar
46
What did Jennar call his discovery
Vaccination
47
What did Jennar observe in order to stop small pox
he observed milkmaids and how they got cowpox, which meant that they wouldn't get smallpox
48
Who did Jennar test his theory on
James Phipps
49
How did Jennar prove his theory
By taking some cowpox out of a milk maids arm, called and inserted it into James Phipps arm
50
What happened when Jennar inserted the smallpox into James Phipps
He did not develop the illness, he developed immunity to Smallpox
51
Impact of vaccination
This was a way of stopping diseases like smallpox which took 100 years too get rid off
52
Why did some people refused the idea of vaccination
Jennar did not now how vaccination worked and didn't know what else it could do, hence side effects could be turning you into a cow.
53
How did Florence nightingale change soldier care? (Nursing)
Cleaned soldiers, included comforts such as stump pillows and slings
54
How did Florence nightingale change soldier care? (Hospitals)
Cleaned wards and lowered death rate
55
What impact did she have on nursing and hospitals?
Less infection reduced death rate better quality nurses better designed hospitals (wards)
56
Who was Mary Seacole?
She was a 'nurse' who set up the "British Hotel" behind the lines during the Crimean War, which provided comfort for wounded servicemen on the battlefield. She also went out and performed care on the front lines
57
Who was Florence Nightingale?
A British born rich girl who improved care for injured soldiers in Crimea.
58
How was Seacole different from Florence Nightingale?
Hands on care self funded went to front line close to patients
59
Louis Pasteur discovered that germs were \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. He also discovered ______ killed bacteria
Airbourneheat
60
He also made the link between _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
germs and disease
61
He developed vaccines for ______ and ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Anthrax and chicken cholera
62
Pasteur came up with ______ theory in \_\_\_\_\_, but it was only proven and _____ in \_\_\_\_\_
germ 1861 accepted 1864
63
Pasteur ceased his work from 1868 to _____ due to a \_\_\_\_\_
1885 stroke
64
\_\_\_\_\_ ______ saw pasteur as a rival
Robert koch
65
Koch discovered the _____ that caused anthrax
Microbe
66
Koch discovered the ability to _____ bacterium
Dye
67
Who funded kochs work?
the government
68
How did pasteur conceive the concept of germs?
wine spoiling
69
What sort of flask did pasteur invent to prove germs were airbourne?
Swan necked
70
Pasteur has a process named after him, what is it and what does it achieve?
Pasteurisation is the boiling of a liquid to help preserve it (milk)
71
Bazalgette designed and ____ Londons _____ which are still in use today.
builtsewers
72
Who proved Cholera was water Bourne (pump map)?
John Snow (he knows nothing)
73
When were the Chadwick health reforms?
1848 1875
74
Farr tracked _____ and ______ rates to find the causes and patterns of \_\_\_\_\_\_
birth death diseases
75
Which act advised local councils appoint a medical officer?
1848 public health act
76
When was a health officer made compulsory?
1875
77
The fist chemical cure was called a _____ \_\_\_\_\_
magic bullet (salverson606)
78
What did pasteur discover?
Diseases and germs are airbourne Made the linkbetween germs and disease (germ theory) discovered heat killed bacteria
79
When did he discover germ theory?
1861
80
What factors can effect development of medicine?
Government Individuals War Religion Science Luck
81
What did romans believe caused disease?
Gods. They believed they were sent as a punishment. they also believed in the four humours and miasma.
82
Describe the four humours and how they can be treated.
the four humours: black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood. They could be treated by treatment of opposites or by purging.
83
Who applied treatment in Roman times?
The asclepion was basically a church in that applied praying, eating and resting as methods of treatment, it did not admit infectious or incurable patients.
84
How did the Roman's treat diseases?
They used the treatment of opposites, visits to the asclepion (a healing temple) and use of herbal remidies
85
Describe the public health systems of the Roman era.
Aqueducts carried fresh water to large cities. Water pipes carried water to fountains, public baths and houses of rich and powerful, everyone was entitled to water. Public toilets were provided and people often went to meet for a chat, sponges on sticks were provided to act as loo roll. sewers carried waste away from cities and towns and washed away into rivers.
86
How were doctors trained?
They read books
87
Why did the Roman's invest in public health?
The Romans spotted the link between dirt and sickness, because towns were so crowded they risked epidemics if an illness was caught. They wanted to keep the population healthy so they had a healthy army to keep the empire healthy and prosperous.
88
When was germ theory proven and accepted?
1864
89
What was pasteurs pause?
When pasteur suffered a stroke (1868-1885)
90
What vaccines did pasteur develop?
Rabies, Anthrax and chciken cholera
91
What was Pasteurisation?
the heating of a liquid to kill off bacteria
92
Under what context was the germ theory formed?
Pasteur working with wine sellers and them complaing that wine went off
93
What was the swan necked flask?
A flask that had a neck like a swan and could preserve liquids due to the fact germs could not enter the container. ![]()
94
Who was Koch?
A german doctor
95
What did koch discover?
Microbe that casued anthrax the ability to die bacterium
96
Prontisil was _____ \_\_\_\_\_ chemical cure, compared to slaverson.
a better
97
What was penicillin nickanmed?
the miracle drug
98
who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
99
what created demand for penicillin?
Worldwar 2
100
who were florey and chain?
the people who pushed for mass production of penicillin
101
when was penicillin first discovered?
1928
102
when was penicillin mass produced?
1943
103
what did penicillin cure?
blood poisening
104
Which political party promised to solve the problem if elected?
Labour
105
What is the NHS
National Health Service- free healthcare for anyone, funded by taxes
106
When was the NHS implemented?
1948
107
What prompted the creation of the NHS?
mass unemployment and high infant mortality
108
What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid, a genetic code that is different with each individual
109
Who discovered DNA?
Francis Crick and James Watson
110
When was DNA discovered?
1953
111
Who really discovered DNA?
Rosalind Franklin
112
Who did Vesalius support
He supported Galen

History (Alistair Mitchell) (4 decks)

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