test Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
What period was ancient rome
A
700BC- AD400
2
Q
What period was the middle ages?
A
1100-1500
3
Q
What period was the renaissance?
A
1500-1700
4
Q
What period was the industrial period?
A
1700-1900
5
Q
When was the Bubonic/Black death?
A
1348
6
Q
When was the Pneumonic/Great plague?
A
1655
7
Q
When was the fabric of the human body published
A
1543
8
Q
when was the Royal Society set up?
A
1643
9
Q
When did Harvey publish his works?
A
1628
10
Q
When did Jenner do his thang?
A
1796
11
Q
When did Nightingale publish notes on nursing?
A
1852
12
Q
When did Nightingale publish notes on hospitals?
A
1863
13
Q
When was Germ theory published?
A
1864
14
Q
When did pasteur do his chicken thing
A
1879
15
Q
When did John Snow do his thing
A
1854
16
Q
When was salverson 606 done
A
1909
17
Q
When was prontosil done
A
1932
18
Q
when did flemming do his thing
A
1929
19
Q
when did watson and crick do their thing
A
1953
20
Q
When was the NHS made a thing
A
1948
21
Q
When was the National Insurance Act passed
A
1911
22
Q
What is the approx time period for Ancient Rome?
A
700BC-AD400
23
Q
What time period is considered the Middle Ages?
A
1100-1500 AD
24
Q
What time period was the Renaissance?
A
1500-1700
25
What time period was the industrial period?
1700 - 1900
26
What did roman soldiers do in winter and summer?(Regimen)
- Eat as much as possible in winter, but drink little, wine bread and meat, but less veg-Drink more and eat less in summer, watered wine. Barley cakes, boiled meat. (Keeps body cold and moist)
27
What did roman soldiers do for exercise? (Regimen)
A walk of 2000 metres before sunrise, fast in winter and slow in summer
28
How did roman soldiers look after their face, hair and teeth? (Regimen)
Wash face with water, clean nose and ears with scented perfume, and teeth with peppermint
29
What would roman soldiers do before meals and why?
Long walks, to clear the body out
30
What are the four main tenets of ancient healing?
Training, Healers, Treatment, and cause of disease
31
Who cared for the rich in Ancient Rome?
Hippocratic doctorAscelepian priest
32
Who cared for the poor in Ancient Rome?
Local medicineFamily healerAscelepian priest
33
Who cared for soldiers in Ancient Rome?
Army hospitals and surgeons
34
Who paid doctors to treat the poor in Ancient Rome?
The government
35
In Ancient Rome, what was the the theory of opposites?
Based on the four humors, if you had too much black bile, you'd need to be sick, too much phlegm, you need to sneeze, too much blood, you need to bleed too much yellow bile, puke it up baby.
36
What is the name give to diet and exercise as recommended by Galen and Hippocrates?
Regimen
37
Who preferred to bleed out of the two major practitioners in Ancient Rome?
Galen, Hippocrates liked to not interfere with the body
38
Name some ancient roman treatments for ailments that are superstitious?
Praying to gods,Go to ascelepian priests to have your eyes licked by a snake.Charms
39
What remedies were made by local and family healers?
Herbal remedies based on honey and garlicSpitting on feetHot bathsEating cucumber if you're too hotEating pepper if you're too cold.
40
What is miasma?
Bad air from swamps. Bill maher believes this shite
41
What was the "dual approach" to cause of disease in Ancient Rome?
Praying to gods, as they were punishingAnd the scientific imbalance of humours
42
What are the four humours?
Yellow bile, black bile, phlegm, blood.
43
How were doctors trained in Ancient Rome?
-Reading books-Large group of apprentices shadowing senior doctors
44
True or false, being a doctor was a protected term in Ancient Rome?
False, anyone could be a doctor, even without training
45
What was the Hippocratic oath meant to do?
Restore faith in doctors
46
What is the Hippocratic corpus?
Collection of books by Galen
47
What did Hippocrates believe in?
-four humours-Hippocratic oath to prioritise patient-rejection of supernatural, and preferring natural remedies based on research, not guesswork-regimen of diet and exercise-clinical observation
48
What did Hippocrates think was the most important thing for a doctor?
To diagnose, and record; to record is to educate, as that would help to find suitable cures for future patients
49
What was Galen's preferred method of healing?
Bleeding
50
What was Galen's field?
anatomy
51
What was Galen's primary method of distributing his ideas?
He was a showman, he would dissect pigs in front of large crowds to demonstrate his theories.
52
How did he Galen research?
Dissected animals, which meant some inaccuracies, as he applied animal anatomy to humans
53
What were some failings of Galen?
He thought the heart consumed bloodWhat he didn't know, he made upThought there was a whole in brain for the soul, but this was to please the church of the time
54
What were some advances Galen made?
Popularised anatomyDiscovered brain controlled thought and and body, not the heart
55
What is meant by public health?
That measures are put in place by a government to look after the populace
56
Describe the process of a trip to the baths in Ancient Rome
Undressed -> hair plucked by slaves -> oiled and scraped with a strigil -> go in a spa or steam room -> got in plunge pool -> warm room to get dressed.
57
Three reasons Romans wanted good public health
Maintain strong and healthy armyKeep control of empireBelief that smell caused disease, cities grew so waste increased, increasing need for hygiene
58
Good points of roman public health?
Aqueducts carried fresh water into townsPublic latrines flushed into sewersProvided fresh water and public baths, called stewesRich had private latrines
59
Bad points of roman public health
Pipes were made of lead, which was poisonous Most couldn't afford piped waterSewers needed water to be flushed out. Cause rather than prevented disease in dry seasonsReservoirs could become stagnantStreets were dirty
60
Roughly how many people used one public toilet in roman Britain?
20
61
What happened when the Romans left Britain in terms of public health?
People began throwing waste into guttersOpen sewers that carried waste into riversBath houses fell into disrepair Latrines over cess pits, these cess pits sometimes leaked into water supply
62
Name problems that shortened life expectancy in the Middle Ages (10)
- hard manual labour-long hours-work tended to be in awkward positions ie bending over-many people kept animals that could cause injury -problems in childbirth resulted in either child or mother dying-no doctors to help people injured whilst working-water was not fit for drinking-basic food lacked essential vitamins -often food shortages-cold/damp homes gave way to rheumatism and arthritis
63
Four things to know about the Black Death
Causes, symptoms, treatment, prevention
64
What did people think caused the Black Death? (6)
-Punishment from god-unbalanced four humours-miasma-outsiders -brightly coloured clothing -cats and dogs
65
What were symptoms of the Black Death?(5)
-sickness-spasms-bubous filled with pus-fever-bleeding under skin
66
How did people treat the Black Death? (5)
-prayer-bloodletting -herbal remedies-strapping toads and pigeons to the buboes-balancing four humours
67
How did people prevent the Black Death?(7)
-prayer-burn the dead-flagellation (self whipping)-charms-isolation-burning barrels of tar-smelling worse smells
68
What is flagellation?
Self whipping, punished by whupping rather than Black Death
69
What was the great plague?
1665 100000 people diedPneumonic
70
What was the Black Death
Bubonic in 1348
71
How had the streets improved from 1350 to 1700?
Open drains vs central drain which was cobbled or pavedPaving was poor in 1350, improved in 1700In 1700 coal added to dirt, but had to be swept upIn 1350 rakers
72
How had water supplies changed from 1350 to 1700?
In 1350 water was collected from rivers, kept in barrels which went stagnant In 1700 wells were dug, and rich could afford a reservoir which was stored in the basement, but still went stagnant
73
How had public toilets changed from 1350 - 1700?
Weren't enough in 1350 and were emptied in streetsIn 1700 taverns were available to wee in, and "pissing places"
74
How had sewers and waste removal changed from 1350 - 1700
In 1350 open sewers, and pots emptied in streets and riversIn 1700 night soil men came, most could afford them to come and empty rubbish on a Wednesday and a Saturday
75
What factors affected medicine throughout history?
War, technology, science, communication, individual genius, government, chance, religion
76
What is the mnemonic to remember the factors that change medicine
Women in Greece can't suck cocks redWar individual govt. communication, sci+tech, chance, religion
77
What was the renaissance?
Time of rebirth of ideas, great progress in art and science
78
6 healers in the Middle Ages?
-hospitals run by nuns that cared for people rather than healed-housewife physician-prayer and pilgrimage -trained physician -apothecary -barber surgeon
79
How did the government and religion affect medicinal progress in the renaissance?
Henry VIII created cofe, Catholic Church was diminished slightly, more dissections were allowed
80
How did technology affect progress in the renaissance?
-the microscope was invented, but no bacteria could be seen-printing press invented, which helped to spread ideas
81
How did individual genius affect progress in the renaissance?
Drawings had perspective, more accurate drawings, so better doctors training
82
How did communication affect progress in Renaissance?
Printing press invented, America discovered with new plants, diseases and treatmentsNew universities set up, but no practical work, and based on Galen
83
How did war drive progress in the renaissance?
New wounds to treat, musket shots
84
How did the scientific revolution create better doctors?
-public attitude improved-royal society encouraged people to challenge beliefs, and conducted experiments and produced books-dissected criminals, and didn't rely on astrology for diagnoses
85
What was the book by versailius?
The fabric of the human body
86
What was Vesalius' speciality
Anatomy and performing dissections to crowds
87
What did Vesalius discover?
Mapped out body, disproved a lot of Galen. Proved jawbones were one piece rather than separate. Proved the breastbone was three parts not seven, and that the liver was one piece
88
When was the fabric of the human body published?
1543
89
How was Vesalius able to disprove Galen's theories?
Dissections
90
When was the royal society set up?
1645
91
Who played about with blood?
William Harvey
92
When did Harvey publish his work about blood?
1628
93
What did Harvey discover?
-Heart acted as pump-showed how arteries and veins worked-showed circulation was a one way system-calculated the amount of blood going into arteries per hour was 3 time the weight of a man-disproved four humours and Galen's liver absorbing all blood
94
Why did Harvey and Vesalius have little impact in the short term despite their discoveries?
Doctors were reluctant to admit Galen was wrong. Their discoveries did not indicate cause of disease
95
Where the five main killer diseases in the industrial period?
CholeraDiphtheria SmallpoxTyphoidTuberculosis
96
What was the theory of spontaneous generation?
Organisms were result of decay, not vice versa. So maggots came about because of decay.
97
Four symptoms of diphtheria?
-a white membrane in the back of throat - high temperature -bacterial-spread though coughs
98
Symptoms of cholera
-severe dehydration-severe dehydration -severe cramps-shit yourself to death
99
What caused cholera
Bacterial infection of small intestine, caused by contaminated water
100
Symptoms of smallpox
-Puss filled spots-bruising-FATALITEEEEY -smallpox is faze m9-blindness
101
Symptoms of TB
-Persistent cough with blood-breathlessness -lack of appetite - fever of 38*-night sweats -pain
102
Typhoid symptoms
-fever-deleium-mood swing-pale blotches
103
Why was TB hard to find source of infection
You could be infected months before symptoms
104
Who found a vaccine for smallpox?
Jenner
105
Who had her puss(y?) extracted for. Uh. Science
Sarah nelmes the milkmaid bless her. Jenner couldn't afford the milk bill, so how ever will he repay her? Or maybe he was the pool cleaner.
106
Why did farmers not want to be inoculated against smallpox?
Cowpox made them immune
107
Which little shit runt of a farmboy had his arm infected with smallpox for being a prick. I mean for science
James Phipps. More like james phallus
108
How many people did Jenner trial the vaccine on
23
109
What did Jenner do when the royal society refused to publish his work
Setup jennerian society. Published his work on his own, and ended up immunising 12000 people
110
How much did the govt pay Jenner
30000
111
When did Jenner publish his works?
between 1798 and 1801, he published four works about vaccinations.
112
when did Jenner inject dick. I mean phipps.
1796
113
Who wrote Jenner a letter of thanks?
Jefferson! who'd have thought it
114
How did Jenner coin the term 'Vaccine'?
Vacca is latin for cow.
115
Why were people opposed to Jenner's theory
Religious blokes thought it was ungodly to infect someone with something from a diseased animal
116
What did Nightingale write? and when?
'Notes on Nursing' 1852 and 'Notes on hospitals' 1863
117
Name of nursing school Flo Nightingale created?
'St. Thomas'
118
How many nurses did Flo take to crimea?
80
119
What was the impact of flo?
-Allowed more nurses to treat soldiers-Nursing became a respected profession-Educated nurses
120
What did the death rate in crimea fall to?
From 42% to just 2%
121
when did pasteur publish germ theory
1864
122
What other factors changed hospitals and nursing in nightingale's time
-nursing college founded by nightingale would be impossible without govt's help-war in Crimea caused her to go and see the conditions-improved engineering and govt laws improved hospitals -pasteur's germ theory impacted hygiene
123
How many people died from infection rather than injury
1 in 6
124
what did Pasteur start investigating that led to the discovery of germs?
Beer and Wine blokes employed him to find out why the beer and wine went bad (C3 revision, the alcohol ethanol oxidizes to form the carboxylic acid ethanoic acid, or acetic acid, which is vinegar, this is also caused by bacteria doing their thang, but that's science, not history)
125
How did Pasteur help develop drugs and vaccines?
in 1879, he left out fowl cholera so it was weaker, injected chicken with it, then injected chicken with proper stuff, didn't die. He also used Kochs shizz to develop a vaccine for anthrax
126
True or false, Pasteur proved germs caused disease in people and animals?
True
127
What did he name the process of killing germs?
By heating them, he called it Pasteurisation. Egotistical sod
128
Why did Koch and Pasteur not work together?
France had lost to germany in a war, so they were competing to have glory for their country. like BRUH MY COUNTRY DID IT FIRST BRUH
129
what did Koch do?
Developed vaccines and identified specific microbes, anthrax and shiiiz
130
What helped Koch and Pasteur with their shiz?
Microscope. Science Bitch.
131
Who was Paul Ehrlich? to Koch?
His protege
132
When did Cholera hit Britain?
1831
133
Who was Edwin Chadwick?
Secretary of the commission in charge of workhouses
134
What did Chadwick call his survey, and when was it published?
Sanitary conditions of the laboring population, in 1842
135
What did it suggest?
Taxes should go to improving public hygiene?
136
Did people accept his ideas?
Nope. People didn't want to help poor people. Bloody whigs.
137
What was Laisez-Faire
the govt. shouldn't interfere. Everyone's a Laisez-faire-ist until they need help...
138
Who were the dirty party?
People who opposed piped sewage
139
When was the public health act passed?
1848
140
What did it state?
Health commissioners->national board of health
141
What was wrong with the act
Government didn't force councils to do it
142
What did John Snow know?
Nothing
143
What did John Snow actually start investigating?
Because he knew nothing, he investigated how cholera spread in soho in 1854
144
How many people had died on Broad Street?
500
145
What was the name of the street where John Snow did his investigation?
Broad street
146
What was John Snow's hypothesis?
Something in Broad street in spreading Cholera
147
How did John Snow prove he was right
Drew a map of the deaths, drew a link between people living around the pump, meaning that dirty water was causing the cholera
148
Why were people living around the brewery safe? (to do with John Snow stuff)
They were drinking beer
149
what changes were made as a result of John Snow's contributions?
Govt realised importance of giving clean water to the 'labouring population', after koch had proven cholera was waterbourne. However, still several years before improvements.
150
What made government buck up their ideas in the 1800s
The great stink, thames dried up in 1858, stinky parliament
151
Who made the new sewer system and when
Joseph Bazzalgette in 1865
152
When was the 1848 act made better?
1875, it made 1848 act mandatory, and no polluting rivers too
153
What was the name of the act that destroyed slums?
1875 artisan dwelling act
154
When did towns have to appoint inspectors?
1866
155
Who was Edwin Chadwick
Civil servant, he antagonised people tho. dick.
156
Who was john snow?
doctor and surgeon
157
What were the long and short term effects of John Snow's work?
Short term not much, couldn't explain how it worked because it was before Germ theory, but he had proved cholera traveled through water.
158
when was smallpox vaccination made mandatory?
1852, but not properly enforced until 1871
159
when was the great stink?
1858
160
What four factors were the 'nails in the coffin' for Laissez-faire in regards to public health
-Poor given right to vote-Chadwick being a proper lefty, saying it's not the poor's fault-Rich suffered too-Germ theory
161
What are the two magic bullets you need to know about?
Salvarsan and Prontosil
162
Key features of the development of Salvarsan?
-Developed by Paul Ehrlich and team in 1909-Funded by Govt-Combined various dyes and chemicals to target specific microbes-first time chemicals had been used to cure illnesses
163
Key Features of the development of prontosil
-Developed by Gerhard Domagk in 1932-attacked microbes which caused blood poisoning -tested on his own daughter-further developed to cure pneumonia, scarlet fever and meningitis
164
When did Flemming do his thang?
-mouldy thang killing bacteria in 1929
165
Why did Flemming not continue research
-no funding, no dolla bruh
166
Who picked up where flemming left off?
Florey and chain
167
What did Florey and Chain do and when
in 1939 they grew penicillin in milk bottles and freeze dried it, successfully tested on mice. funded by gov as a result of war. in 1941 tested on human who got better but then died
168
what did the american govt do in regards to Florey and Chain
donated 80 million in 1942 to mass produce it, heavily used by soldiers after D day in
169
What happened after the war in regards to florey and chain
Penicillin mass produced for public
170
What four factors helped Crick and Watson do their thang
-Built around previous genetics knowledge-Rosalind Franklin's pictures-Improved tech, such as electron microscopes-Teams of researchers trying to decode DNA
171
when did watson and crick do their thang
1953
172
what was the impact of watson and crick
-human genome project-genetic screening-gene therapy
173
what was the human genome project and when
in 1986, took 15 years to map entire DNA. knew what every gene did, easier to identify hereditary disease
174
what is genetic screening
testing for certain hereditary diseases
175
what is gene therapy
using normal DNA to treat people with mutated DNA
176
When was the NHS established?
1948
177
When was the National Insurance Act enacted and what was it?
1911, people and Govt payed into a find that could be used to pay for medical care, not for unemployed tho
178
How did the second world war help the creation of the NHS
-during war, people were offered free health care for the war effort, this increased people's sense of entitlement.-Middle class families who took on evacuees saw how bad conditions were, so growing feeling good medical treatment should be available for all, not just rich
179
When was the Beveridge report published and what was it?
1942, suggested what could be done to improve people's lives, he suggested an NHS that was funded by the govt. and working people payed into this, but unemployed could use it
180
Why were people skeptical of an NHS? (3)
-Doctors didn't want to lose high paying patients -Local authorities didn't want to lose control of their hospitals -people were right wing tossers and thought poor should have to pay for their own treatment with money they don't have so the rich will prosper and the poor will die out. Class cleansing. You who else thought one group of people should do better than another? Hitler. Yeah.
181
What did Bevan do?
Minister for health, made speeches convincing people to do the NHS
182
3 medical advancements 1900-1950
Blood transfusionsX-raysRadiotherapy
183
4 medical advancements 1950-2000
CAT and MRI scannersEndoscopesDialysis machinesPacemakers
184
Problems with recent medical advancements?
CostInequality EthicsSide effects
