Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

The One Deck To Rule Them All > Medicine For Elderly + Dementia > Flashcards

Medicine For Elderly + Dementia Flashcards

1
Q

7 things needed to verify death

A
  1. No response to voice
  2. No response to painful stimuli
  3. Absence of carotid pulse (1 min)
  4. Absence of heart sounds (2mins)
  5. Absence of breath sounds (2 mins)
  6. Fixed and dilated pupils
  7. Check for pacemaker
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

corzyal symptoms
fever
muscle aches
fatigue

A

Influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Investigations for flu

A

PCR Nasal/throat swab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Management for flu

A

Vaccine prophylaxis (Autumn)
Oseltamivir
Zanamivir

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Falls in >65s

A

1/3rd each year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Falls in >80s

A

1/2 each year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Causes of falling in elderly

A 
Hypoglycaemia
Delirium
Syncope
Postural hypotension
Vertigo
Muscle weakness
Anaemia
Peripheral neuropathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Drowsy
Disorganised thinking
Decreased attention

A

Delirium

Elderly have low threshold for developing delirium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Management for delirium

A

Acute:

  • haloperidol
  • benzodiazepines

Treat underlying cause (infection/ constipation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Drugs that cause constipation

A

Opiates
Antipsychotics
Tricyclic antidepressants
Anti-muscarinics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Management for constipation

A

Laxatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Types of laxatives

A

Bulk forming
Stimulant
Osmotic
Stool Softeners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

2 examples of stimulant laxatives

A

Senna
Bisocodyl

Can cause urgency
Take at night

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

2 examples of osmotic laxatives

A

Lactulose
- takes 48 hours to work
Laxido

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Example of stool softener laxatives

A

Sodium docusate

- absorbs water and lubricates stool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

4 types of dementia

most common > less common

A
  1. Alzheimer’s Disease
  2. Vascular dementia (15%)
  3. Lewy body dementia (15%)
  4. Frontotemporal dementia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Genetics for Alzheimer’s

A
  • Autosomal dominant (5%)
  • Chromosomes 21 (amyloid precursor protein), 14 (presenilin 2), and 1 (presenilin 1) involved
  • Associated with downs syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Macroscopic pathophysiology of alzheimer’s

A

widespread cerebral atrophy, particularly involving the cortex and hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Microscopic pathophysiology of alzheimer’s

A
  • cortical plaques (deposition of type A-Beta-amyloid protein)
  • intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (abnormal aggregation of the tau protein)
20
Q

Biochemical pathophysiology of alzheimer’s

A

there is a deficit of acetylcholine from damage to an ascending forebrain projection

21
Q

Function of tau protein

A
  • interacts with tubulin to stabilize microtubules and promote tubulin assembly into microtubules
  • in AD are tau proteins are excessively phosphorylated, impairing the function
22
Q

Reversible causes of dementia

A
  • hypothyroidism
  • Addison’s
  • B12/folate/thiamine deficiency
  • syphilis
  • brain tumour
  • normal pressure hydrocephalus
  • subdural haematoma
  • depression
  • chronic drug use e.g. Alcohol, barbiturates
23
Q

Management of alzheimer’s

A
  1. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
    - Donepezil
    - Galantamine
    - Rivastigmine
  2. NMDA receptor antagonist
    - Memantine
24
Q

Give an example of 3 acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

A
  • Donepezil
  • Galantamine
  • Rivastigmine
25
Q

Give an example of an NMDA receptor antagonist

A

Memantine

26
Q

Side effects of Donepezil

A
  • insomnia

- contraindicated in bradycardia

27
Q

Risk factors for Vascular Dementia

A
  • TIA
  • AF
  • HTN
  • diabetes
  • Hyperlipidaemia
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • CHD
  • FHx CVD
28
Q
  • Months/years of sudden/stepwise deterioration of cognitive function
  • Marche a petits pas (short, stepping, rapid gait)
A

Vascular dementia

29
Q

MRI evidence in vascular dementia

A

infarcts and extensive white matter changes

30
Q

Management for Vascular dementia

A
  • Reduce CVD risk factors

- If mixed with alzheimer’s then treat as such

31
Q

3 main sub-types of vascular dementia

A
  • Stroke-related VD (multi-infarct/ single-infarct dementia)
  • Subcortical VD (caused by small vessel disease)
  • Mixed dementia (VD and Alzheimer’s)
32
Q
  • progressive cognitive impairment (attention, executive function and memory)
  • fluctuating cognition
  • parkinsonism
    visual hallucinations
  • apathetic mood (lack of feelings)
A

Lewy body dementia

33
Q

Lewy bodies are found in X% of patients with alzheimer’s

A

40%

34
Q

Pathophysiology of lewy body dementia

A

alpha-synuclein cytoplasmic inclusions (Lewy bodies) in the substantia nigra, paralimbic and neocortical areas.

35
Q

Investigation of lewy body dementia

A

DaTscan/ SPECT (Single-photon ei scion computed tomography) using dopaminergic iodine

  • 100% specific
  • 90% sensitive
36
Q

Management of Lewy body dementia

A
  • Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

- NMDA receptor antagonists

37
Q

What drug is contraindicated in lewy body dementia

A

Haloperidol (neuroleptics)

  • can lead to irreversible parkinsonism
  • use Lorazepam instead
38
Q

3 types of frontotemporal lobar degeneration

A
  • Frontotemporal dementia (Pick’s disease)
  • (chronic) progressive non fluent aphasia (CPA)
  • Semantic dementia
39
Q
  • onset < 65 years
  • insidious onset
  • preserved memory and visuospatial skills
  • personality change and social conduct problems
  • emotional lability
A

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration

40
Q

Macroscopic pathophysiology of Pick’s disease

A

focal gyral atrophy of frontal and temporal lobes

- knife blade appearance

41
Q

Microscopic pathophysiology of Pick’s disease

A
  • Pick bodies: spherical aggregations of tau protein (silver-staining)
  • Gliosis
  • Neurofibrillary tangles
  • Senile plaques
42
Q

Main feature of (chronic) progressive non fluent aphasia (CPA)

A

Non-fluent speech (short utterances that are agrammatic) with preserved comprehension

43
Q

Main feature of Semantic dementia

A

Fluent speech but empty meaning

44
Q

Main feature of Pick’s disease

A

Personality change

45
Q

Agnosia (inability to perceive and utilise information correctly)
- can’t recognise people/things

A

Alzheimer’s

The One Deck To Rule Them All (50 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions