Medicine (medieval - present) Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
What years was the medieval period?
A
1066 - 1485
2
Q
Which denomination was the main type of christianity in medieval england?
A
Catholic
3
Q
Who was at the top of medieval hierarchy?
A
God
4
Q
Was there quarantine during the black death?
A
Yes
5
Q
What was the name of a water filter built?
A
Aqueduct
6
Q
How did water impact public health in medieval towns?
A
Spread disease
7
Q
What did London employ after epidemics in the late 15th century?
A
Rakers
8
Q
What did monasteries provide?
A
Food, shelter, education
9
Q
Which tudor king removed monasteries (dissolution of the monasteries)?
A
Henry VIII
10
Q
Why were monasteries away from towns?
A
Believed lay people were sinful
11
Q
What did monasteries do to ensure water didn’t negatively impact their health?
A
Filtering systems installed, dirty water disposed of. Had separate drinking water
12
Q
Why did monks and nuns avoid ‘filth’?
A
Believed it was never dear to God, God hated dirt
13
Q
How were medieval hospitals limited?
A
Did not treat sick, believed illness was a punishment from God. Cared through prayer
14
Q
Monks in monasteries believed ‘cleanliness is close to _______’
A
God, holiness
15
Q
Did hospitals in monasteries cure people?
A
No
16
Q
How often did monks have a bath?
A
Once a month, maybe twice a year
17
Q
In what 3 ways did monks use water to aid in health?
A
Filtered water, disposed of dirty water, often took baths in clean water
18
Q
What was the black death also known as?
-what years was it present?
A
Bubonic plague
-1346 to 1353
19
Q
How many deaths did the bubonic plague cause?
-what % of europe was this?
A
50 million
-50%
20
Q
What year was the great plague of london?
-what period was this?
A
1665
-renaissance period
21
Q
What actually caused the black death?
A
Flea bites
22
Q
Give 2 things people thought caused the black death
A
God, sin, miasma
23
Q
List 3 ways people tried preventing the black death
A
Cleaning streets, prayer and church service, flagellation
24
Q
What was flagellation?
A
Whipping oneself to show repentance
25
How did the black death help peasants in the long term?
Became more valuable as there was less of them, so they asked for higher wages. They could now buy land as it was cheaper due to lower population
26
Why did the cost of buying land decrease?
-how did this benefit peasants?
Lower population
-they could purchase land
27
Why were most monks more educated than the rest of the population?
They could read
28
What denomination change did the reformation cause?
Catholic -> protestant
29
What centuries was the renaissance period?
Late 14th - 18th century
30
What was the renaissance?
Explosion of literacy, ideas and education in europe
31
What is miasma and what was it thought to cause?
Dirty air thought to have caused the black death
32
What actually caused the great plague?
Poor sanitation, sewage in streets, black rats
33
What years was the great plague?
1665 - 1666
34
How many people died due to the great plague?
100,000
35
What 3 things did people believe caused the great plague?
God, miasma, four humours
36
What outbreak had a more organised response than the black death?
The great plague
37
Name 3 approaches to treating the great plague
Quarantine, lighting fires, killing stray cats and dogs
38
Why did people light fires in attempt to get rid of the great plague?
Believed smoke cleaned bad air
39
What did the government introduce involving ships during the great plague?
Ships ‘quarantined’ from coming into london
40
What happened if someone in a household was infected with the great plague?
Locked inside and red cross painted on door
41
Why was the impact of the great plague less than the black death?
More coordinated response, great fire of london killed rats
42
Why did killing cats and dogs during the great plague actually contribute to the disease?
They would have caught the disease-causing rats
43
What was a positive change when london was rebuilt?
No longer had open sewers
44
What was ironic about the renaissance and knowledge of disease?
Despite the renaissance being a period of reform, people still thought God caused disease
45
How should you structure a source analysis?
Source - what can you see (be specific)
Knowledge - what you know about that time period (be specific)
Link - how does it link to the question and how is it useful, what does it reveal to us. Link back to broader context
46
What was inoculation?
A small sample of infected matter deliberately introduced into the body to **prevent full disease** from developing
47
When were rakers present?
Great plague
48
What is a vaccine?
Introducing a weakened or inactive version of the infection into the body. Immune system reacts by producing antibodies which attack and destroy the infection
49
What was the mortality rate for smallpox?
30%
50
Where did lady montague witness inoculation?
Turkey
51
What was the relationship between smallpox and cowpox?
Someone who was given cowpox became immune to smallpox
52
Give 3 reasons why people opposed Jenner
Believed vaccinations interfered with God’s will, believed it wasn’t safe, Jenner could not explain how the vaccine worked
53
Give 2 long term outcomes of Jenner
Introduced a law making vaccinations against smallpox compulsory for newborn babies, encouraged research for more vaccines, discovery of germ theory
54
What years was the industrial revolution?
1750-1900
55
How did the industrial revolution impact public health?
People lived closer so disease spread faster
56
What is cholera and what organ does it infect?
A bacterial disease that infects the intestines
57
When did cholera arrive in Britain?
-how many did it kill?
1831
-50,000
58
Name 3 cholera symptoms
-violent sickness
-painful diarrhoea
-skin and nails turning black
59
How did cholera affect cemeteries?
Cemeteries were closed because they were too full, bodies poked through the ground were letting off a horrible smell
60
When was Chadwick’s report?
-what did it conclude?
-how many copies did he give to journalists?
1842
-poverty and ill health was caused by terrible living conditions and **not** by laziness
-10,000
61
How did Chadwick’s report affect the government?
-what belief meant they didn’t do this?
Put pressure on the government to improve public health
-lassiez faire, didn’t want to raise taxes
62
After Chadwick’s report, what eventually changed the minds of the government?
Cholera outbreaks
63
What did the 1848 public health act set up?
Board of health
64
Name 3 ways in which local authorities could improve public health as of the 1848 act
-organising rubbish collection
-building sewers
-providing clean water supply
65
Which public health act was *not* compulsory?
1848 public health act
66
Name 2 early impacts of cholera
-50,000 deaths
-closed cemeteries
67
Which public health act was compulsory?
1875 public health act
68
What did the 1875 public health act force councils to provide?
-clean water
-medical officers
-health inspectors
-proper drainage
-sewage systems
69
What did John Snow prove the link between, and when?
Connection between cholera and dirty water, 1854
70
Why did the government ignore Snow?
Wanted to avoid spending money, still believed in miasma
71
Name 3 outcomes of the great stink of 1858
-government invested in a new sewage system
-ended cholera outbreaks
-house of parliament closed
72
Who proved germ theory, and when?
Louis Pasteur, 1861
73
What 3 changes and events led to the 1875 public health act?
-germ theory
-great stink
-government moving away from lassiez faire
74
What are liberal reforms?
Liberal party making changes to help those in poverty
75
Name 3 causes of liberal reforms
-Charles Booth
-Rowntree
-Boer war
76
When did Booth conduct his research and what did it show?
1889, showed that 35% of London’s population lived in ‘absolute poverty’
77
What did Rowntree find out and when?
Half of York’s working class lived in poverty, 1901
78
What term did Rowntree create?
‘Poverty line’
79
What was the Boer war?
A war that broke out over Britain’s influence in South Africa
80
Why were many working class people denied from fighting in the Boer war?
Declared unfit due to bad diet and illness
81
How would the Boer war have triggered a government response?
Improve public health so more men could go to war
82
Name 3 liberal reforms and when they were introduced
-1906 free school meals
-1908 old age pensions act
-1911 national insurance act
83
How would free school meals improve public health?
Improved diet and nutrition
84
How would pensions and insurance help working class people?
-sense of security
-access medical care
85
When was the Beveridge report?
-what were the 5 giants?
1942
-disease, squalor, ignorance, idleness, want
86
What report in what year called for a welfare state?
Beveridge report 1942
87
What is a welfare state?
A system whereby the state undertakes to protect the health and well being of its citizens (especially those in financial need)
88
Who was the leader of the labour government that agreed with the Beveridge report?
-who then became the minister of health?
Attlee
-Aneurin Bevan
89
Who organised the founding of the NHS?
Aneurin Bevan
90
Money from the ________ was invested into the NHS
Marshall Plan
91
Give 2 examples of free healthcare implemented by the NHS
-eye tests
-hearing tests
-prescriptions
-hospital care
92
Who opposed the NHS?
-what did they report?
BMA (British medical association)
-only 1 in 10 doctors supported the creation of the NHS
93
What were doctors worried about caused by the creation of the NHS?
Worried they would lose their independence and money
94
Why was the creation of the NHS delayed?
-what year was it officially created?
Very strong opposition
-1948
95
What % of costs did National Insurance actually cover when the NHS was first formed?
10%
96
What was NHS budget estimated to be in 1948?
-how much is it now?
£15 billion
-around £170 billion
97
What was introduced in 1952 that no longer made the NHS completely free?
Prescription charges
98
Name 3 ways in which the NHS was successful in the long-term
-increased life expectancy
-reduction in child and maternal mortality
-major medical breakthroughs
-wider range of services (such as cancer screenings, asthma clinics)
99
Summarise the problems the NHS faced
National Insurance only covered 10% of the cost. In 1948, budget was ~£15 bln whereas now it is ~£170 bln. It is also no longer completely free
100
Name a famous hospital from the Renaissance period in London
St Bartholomew’s Hospital
101
Name 2 female individuals who helped improve the cleanliness of hospitals
Mary Seacole, Florence Nightingale
102
During which time period was the Great Plague?
Renaissance
103
During which time period was Chadwick and the 1848 public health act?
Industrial
104
During which time period was Jenner and vaccinations?
Renaissance
105
During which time period were monasteries?
Medieval
106
During which time period was John Snow, the Great Stink and the 1875 public health act?
Industrial
107
During which time period was the Liberal Reforms?
Modern
108
During which time period was the Black Death?
Medieval
109
During which time period was the NHS?
Modern
110
Instead of praying to God, what did Hippocrates believe in?
Careful observation of the body and treatment
111
What was the four humours theory?
The body contained four substances) black bile, yellow bile, blood and phlegm
112
How did they believe that you could treat imbalanced humours?
Purging or bleeding
113
Name a long term impact of Hippocrates
The Hippocratic Oath
114
What is the Hippocratic Oath?
Doctors cannot intentionally harm patients
115
During what period was Hippocrates?
Ancient Greek
116
What did Galen conclude that anatomy was?
The study of the body
117
What did Galen figure out about arteries?
Arteries carried blood
118
Why were Hippocrates’ ideas ignored in the medieval period?
He believed in the four humours instead of God
119
Why did the church approve of Galen’s ideas?
He thought there was **only one God** who created humans and all their body parts for a reason
120
What was Galen’s work based on?
The dissection of pigs and monkeys
121
What did medieval medicine encourage doctors to do?
Observe symptoms closely
122
During what period, and where, existed Galen?
Ancient Greek period, in Rome
123
In 1948 what was NHS budget?
- what is it today?
£15 billion
-today £170 billion
124
What year were prescription charges introduced to the NHS?
1952
125
Name a long term impact of the NHS
Increased life expectancy, reduction in child and maternal mortality rates
126
Why did Islamic medicine make progress?
Islamic text encouraged knowledge
127
In Islamic hospitals, how were patients treated compared to the treatment of Christian doctors?
Treated with compassion, Christian doctors thought it was a punishment from God
128
In the Islamic empire, what were the first hospitals set up for?
People with mental illness
129
Built in Baghdad, how did the first documented general hospital differ from usual hospitals?
Was made to *treat* patients and not just care for them
130
How did Hippocrates and Galens work reach Europe?
Translated and brought through trade and war
131
What similar belief did Rhazes have to Galen?
Believed in importance of observation and seeking natural causes of illness
132
What was Rhazes the first person to figure out the difference between?
Smallpox and measles
133
Who first figured out the difference between smallpox and measles?
Rhazes
134
Who, like Galen, believed in the importance of observation?
Rhazes
135
What did Rhazes think that all students should do?
Improve on their teachers work
136
Who believed students should improve on teachers work?
Rhazes
137
What book did Avicenna write?
Canon of Medicine
138
Who wrote the Canon of Medicine?
Avicenna
139
What did the Canon of Medicine have chapter on?
Anorexia and obesity
140
Which book became the standard medical textbook used to teach doctors in Europe?
Canon of Medicine
141
What is Avicenna known for?
Being one of the first doctors to build on the works of Galen and not just copy them
142
How did doctors learn new ideas from Islamic kingdoms?
Travelled to the holy land during crusades
143
How did war help medical ideas progress? (Islamic medicine)
Doctors travelled with crusades to the holy land to learn new ideas from Islamic kingdoms
144
What was different about the training of doctors in Islamic kingdoms compared to medieval England?
Medical students trained alongside working doctors
145
Why was Rhazes books called ‘doubts about Galen’?
Believed all students should improve on work of teachers
146
What book did Rhazes write?
Doubts about Galen
147
What were barber surgeons?
Poorly trained doctors which performed small operations
148
Who were apothecaries?
Had little to no training, sold herbs and potions
149
What did wise women often use?
Herbs and superstition
150
What were Quacks?
Salesmen who sold ‘cures’
151
Why did 3000 people a year visit London?
To try to get the ‘royal touch’ as a way of curing disease
152
What was the royal touch?
-how many travelled to London to try and get this?
Believed if the king touched you then you would be cured of disease
-3000
153
What did the introduction of the printing press help with?
Helped ordinary people read books
154
What people brought back new and natura medicines to England?
Explorers
155
What did explores often bring back to England?
New and natural medicines
156
What was introduced which helped ordinary people read books?
The printing press
157
What, from turkey, was used as an anaesthetic in 17-18th century medicine?
Opium
158
Why was Sydenham important?
Changed ideas about how illnesses should be diagnosed
159
What did Sydenham encourage physicians to do?
Move away from the classical ideas of Galen and Hippocrates towards newer scientific ideas of observation
160
During what century was Sydenham?
17th
161
What did Sydenham encourage students to do?
Observe a patient carefully and prescribe a remedy that would treat the disease
162
What did Sydenham become known as and why?
English Hippocrates because of his beliefs for doctors to observe patients
163
Who would you visit for medical advice in the Renaissance?
Barber surgeons
Apothecaries
Wise women
Quacks
164
What theory did Sydenham help move away from?
Four humours
165
During what time period was the dissolution of monasteries?
Renaissance
166
What did Pasteurs theory prove?
Microbes were in the air and caused disease in humans
167
When did Pastuer publish his work on germ theory?
1861
168
Why was there a rivalry between Pasteur and Koch?
Franco-Prussian war
169
What did Koch do to see bacteria which grew on Petri dishes?
Stained the bacteria with industrial dye
170
What disease was caused by the germ which Koch discovered?
Anthrax
171
What was the first time when the bacteria responsible for a specific disease had been identified?
Koch discovered the germ that causes anthrax
172
Who translated Kochs work?
Cheyne
173
Whose work did germ theory come to Britain by?
William Robert’s
174
What was a magic bullet?
A way of killing germs in the body without harming healthy tissue
175
What was the name of the magic bullet Ehrlich discovered?
Salvarsan 606
176
What could Salvarsan 606 do?
Cure syphilis
177
Who discovered the magic bullet called Salvarsan 606 which could cure syphilis?
Ehrlich
178
What did Fleming discover that killed bacteria?
Penicillium mould
179
Who was the first person to receive penicillin?
Albert Alexander
180
What did Florey and Chain figure out a way to do?
Grow and mass produce purified penicillin
181
Who managed to purify penicillin?
Florey and Chain
182
What was the next step after Kochs work?
Killing germs without damaging healthy tissue
183
How did Fleming know mould killed bacteria?
Bacteria around the mould had disappeared
184
How did Florey and Chain build on Fleming’s work?
Found a way to purify, grow and mass produce penicillin
185
What did Alexander’s case prove?
Penicillin can kill bacteria
