MEDICINE SCIENTISTS Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
what era was John Ardene from
A
medieval
2
Q
what was John Ardene’s occupation
A
battle surgeon in France - 100 year war
3
Q
what did John Ardene do 3
A
- 50% successful anus operations
- made own pain relief- opium, hembrane and hemlock
- avoided cauterising
4
Q
what was John Ardene’s impact
A
1330 The Practice of Surgery
told doctors to trust their instinct not Galen
5
Q
what era was John Bradmore from
A
medieval
6
Q
what was John Bradmore discovery 2
A
the Bradmore Screw
used elderflower and honey to prevent infection
7
Q
what did John Bradmore do
A
he invented the Bradmore Screw to save prince Henrys V
life as it was designed to remove an arrow from his face
8
Q
what era was Galen from
A
Ancient Rome
9
Q
what were Galen’s key ideas
A
took Hippocrates ideas further. Used the Four Humours and emphasised the importance of listening to a patient’s pulse. dissected animals in order to understand the human body better
10
Q
what was Galen’s influence
A
used in western medicine for a long time
11
Q
what era was Hippocrates from
A
greek
12
Q
what were the key ideas of Hippocrates
A
believed that the four humours were to be kept in balance if a person was to be healthy
13
Q
what was the influence of Hippocrates
A
doctors still use the Hippocratic oath
14
Q
who agreed with Hippocrates ideas and why
A
the church and the ideas agreed with religious teachings so lasted a longer time
15
Q
what era was Rhazes from
A
medieval
16
Q
what era was Ibn Sina
A
medieval
17
Q
what did Ibn Sina do
A
wrote many texts on medicine such as Kitab Ash-Shifa
18
Q
what era were Hugh and Theodoric of Lucca from
A
medieval
19
Q
what did Hugh and Theodoric of Lucca do
A
used wine as an antiseptic
20
Q
what was the impact of Hugh and Theodoric of lucca
A
inspired surgeons to think of more antiseptics
21
Q
what era was James Simpson from
A
industrial
22
Q
what did James Simpson do
A
looked for a better aesthetic by sniffing drugs with friend and found chloroform
23
Q
what was the impact of James Simpson
A
became best pain relief but surgery couldn’t be too long
used for women in labour but church opposed it
Queen Victoria used it after the birth of her 8th child
24
Q
what era was Joseph Lister from
A
industrial
25
what did Joseph Lister discover
used carbolic acid as a spray which was the best antiseptic at the time.
lead to antiseptic surgery
inspired by the germ theory and applied it to his work
26
what was Joseph listers impact
sterile surgery
| however faced opposition as it hurt surgeons hands
27
what era was Florence Nightingale from
industrial
28
what were Florence Nightingale's key ideas
she opened hospital windows because of miasma
| gave fresh food and made it healthy to patients
29
what did Florence nightingale do
worked in the crimean war hospitals
| went back to Britain and funded training hospitals for nurses in st Thomas'.
30
what was the influence of Florence Nightingale
wrote a book 'notes on nursing' to make nursing a profession
31
what era was Louis Pasteur from
industrial
32
what did Louis Pasteur discover
he used acid to kill microorganisms before and after confinement
this led to the germ theory
33
what was the impact of the Germ Theory
immense
led to Pasteur developing vaccinations eg cholera
kochs discoveries
Paul Elrich developed the first magic bullet Salvarson 606 for syphilis
34
what era was Robert Koch from
industrial
35
what did Robert koch do
after germ theory koch identified many germs including TB and cholera in 1880s
koch developed a serum to fight diptheria which halved the death rate
36
what was Robert koch impact
his students also identified whooping cough diphtheria typhoid pneumonia plague and tetnas
37
what era was Mary Seacole from
industrial
38
what did Mary Seacole do
was a black women so faced discrimination and tried to join Florence Nightingale but wasn't allowed so went to the Crimean war alone
opened a hotel to provide food and supplies to soldiers and also nursed them and wounded the ill
39
what was the influence of Mary Seacole
at the time she has little influence but became more personal for bravery and herbal remedies
40
what era was Joseph Bazalgette from
industrial
41
why did Joseph Bazalgette help
believed in miasma
| wanted to deter the smell from the great stink 1858
42
what did Joseph Bazalgette do
built a huge sewer system that is still used due to being built for growing populations
43
who funded Joseph bazalgette
government - due to the great stink
44
what was the impact of Joseph bazalgette
saved lives stopped typhoid and cholera in London
45
what era was Edwin Chadwick from
industrial
46
who did Edwin Chadwick help
the poor
47
what did Edwin Chadwick do
proved that poverty causes ill health
1842 report on the sanitary conditions of the labouring poor population
helped set up the clean party
48
what was the influence of Edwin Chadwick
influenced the 1848 Public Health act
49
what era was William Farr from
industrial
50
what did William Farr do
1837 introduced a register if births marriages and deaths
| work on improving slums but believed in miasma
51
what era was John Snow from
industrial
52
what did John Snow discover
was sceptical of miasma and believed that sewage dumped in rivers contaminated drinking water. found broad street pump in soho was contaminated - cholera
53
what was the impact of John snow
little at the time -warned people not to drink out the pump but no one listened
54
what era was Sophia jex-Blake from
industrial
55
what did Sophia jex Blake do
pioneered for womens medical education
| 1886 she founded the Edinburgh schools of medicine for women
56
what was the impact of Sophia jex Blake
in 1894 university of Edinburgh admitted women to graduate from medicine
57
what era was Elizabeth Garrett Anderson fron
industrial
58
what did Elizabeth Garrett Anderson do
the first woman to qualify in Britain as a physician and surgeon
59
what era was Elizabeth Blackwell from
industrial
60
what did Elizabeth Blackwell do
the first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States and first woman on the medical register of the general medical council
61
what era was Benjamin Disraeli from
industrial
62
what did Benjamin Disraeli do
gave a new vision based on the concept of tory democracy forming a relationship between rich and poor where the upper and lower classes worked together
63
what era was Ignaz Semmelweis from
industrial
64
what Ignaz Semmelweis do
in 1847 showed washing hands with calcium chloride could drastically reduce the number of women dying during childbirth
65
what was the impact of Ignaz Semmelweis
death rates from 35% to 1% at his hospital
unfortunately few hospitals adopted this
66
what era was William Harvey from
renaissance
67
what was William Harveys background
war surgeon at doctors to kings
68
what did William Harvey discover
the heart is a pump and blood circulates round the body
| the liver doesn't make blood and you shouldn't bleed them
69
what did William Harvey experiment with
used alive cold blooded animals pushed wires down veins to test valves
70
what was the impact of William Harvey
at first not good as he couldn't prove it eg couldn't prove tiny blood cells without a microscope but later vindicated.
book 1628 the motion of the heart
71
what era was John hunter from
renaissance
72
what was John Harveys background
surgeon worked with Jenner , army experience
73
what did John Harvey believe
best way to treat wounds is to leave it too nature
74
what did John Harvey do
gave himself stis to cure them
| has a collection of body parts some stolen and sold to him
75
what was the impact of John Harvey
taught many student
| father of scientific surgery
76
what era was Andreas Vesalius from
renaissance
77
what was Andreas Vesalius' background
professor of surgery studied medicine in Italy
78
what did Andreas Vesalius do
stressed the need to dissect
anatomy is vital to surely
proved Galen iron about the heart and the jaw
79
what was the impact of Andreas Vesalius
book in 1543 the fabric of the human body
| crucial challenged Galen and made dissection vital
80
what era was ambroise pare from
renaissance
81
what was the background of ambroise pare
ware surgeon in French wars
82
what did ambroise pare do
trial and error = experiment
stopped using hot oil on bullet wounds because he ran out of oil so used rose oil, turpentine and egg yolk
used ligatures of solo instead of cauterising
83
what was the impact of ambroise pare
very influenzas till and even designed prosthetics
| wrote book les Oe Uvres
84
what era was Edward Jenner from
renaissance
85
what were Edward Jenners key ideas
cow pox meant you were immune to small pox
| innoculation was not the most effective method
86
what influence Edward Jenner
was inoculated as a child found it terrible so it influenced him
vaccines are still used today
87
what era was Thomas Sydenham from
renaissance
88
what were Thomas Sydenham's beliefs
observe the patient dont rely on books
| disease behaves differently
89
what was Thomas sydenhams treatment
chinchana bark - malaria
cold therapy for small pox
not much bleeding
90
was Thomas Sydenham successful
very good but doctors didn't like him
91
what era was Harold gillies from
modern
92
what did Harold gillies discover
the basis of skin grafting
persuaded the army to set up a special hospital in 1917 for facial repairs
over 5000 servicemen were treated by gillies and his men
93
what was the impact of Harold gillies
meant Archibald mcindoe advanced his techniques
94
what era was Archibald mcindoe from
modern
| occupation surgeon
95
what did Archibald mcindoe discover
improved on gillies techniques of skin grafting. treated burns after pilots were shot down
96
who did Archibald mcindoe help
pilots during Battle of Britain and help patients reintegrate into society
97
was Archibald mcindoe successful
patients set up guinea pig club to celebrate his work
| yes
98
what era were Ernest chain and Howard Florey from
modern
99
what did Ernest chain and Howard Florey do
1937 at Oxford uni they were working after reading flemings work
during ww2 the us government gave $25 million to produce penicillin and saved many lives
first human trial died as they ran out
100
what was the impact of Ernest chain and Howard florey
helped save many lives in ww2
101
what era was Paul elrich from
modern
102
what did Paul elrich discover
he developed the first magic bullet Salvarsan 606 for syphilis
103
what was the impact of Paul elrich
was then followed by prontosil
104
what era was aneurin Bevan from
modern
105
what did Bevan do
labour minister of health and housing was responsible for the creation of the ohs
106
what was the impact of Bevan
although it was opposed by doctors in meant health care was free to the poor improving the quality of life
107
what era was William beveridge from
modern
108
what did William beveridge do
the beveridge report aims were to end poor health and have better healthcare for all from 'cradle to grave'
109
what was the impact of William beveridge
improved healthcare
110
what era were crick and Watson from
modern
111
what did crick and Watson do
1953 determination of the structure of DNA - the double helix twisted ladder model
112
what was the impact of crick and watson
helped people understand how genes control the chemical process
113
what era was Gerhard domagk from
modern
114
what did Gerhard domagk discover
he is credited with the discovery of sulfommidochrysoidine the first commercial available antibiotic
115
what is the impact of Gerhard domagk
able to treat illness
116
what era was David Lloyd George from
modern
117
what did David Lloyd George do
1911 national insurance act - provided British workers with insurance against illness
all wage earned joined and had to pay a weekly contribution
118
what was the impact of David Lloyd George
allowed people to take time of work if ill
119
what era was Charles booth from
modern
120
what did Charles booth do
extreme poverty still in London. drew a map showing this
121
what was the impact of Charles booth
influenced the changing attitudes to the poor and influenced the government to change
122
what era was Alexander Fleming from
modern
123
what did Alexander Fleming do
1928 didn't wash Petri dishes and found germs were killed by penicillin
in 1929 he published his findings but didn't have funds to develop
124
what was the impact of Fleming
influenced chain and Florey
125
what era was Joseph rowntree free
modern
126
what did Joseph rowntree doo
1904 Joseph rowntre foundation founded set up to find the root causes of social problems and ways to overcome them
127
what was the impact of Joseph rowntree
improved peoples lives as It targeted problems like poverty and health
