medicine through time Flashcards
how were sick people treated in medieval england
barbor surgeons in towns would do blood letting or amputations
wise women gave first aid , herbal remides and supernatural cures
herbalists in the monestries used herbal remides and prayer
treained doctors worked in large towns and used the ideas of hippocrates and galen
what were some super natural curesfor disease in medieval england
position of the stars
recommending chants and prayers
what were some natural cures of disease in medieval england
clinical obervation
checking pulse and urine
four humors
what procedures did medieval surgeons carry out and why were they questionable
blood letting to balance the humors
amputation - operated without pain killers
trenpanning ( drilling into the skull to let demonds out )
cauterisation ( buring a wound to stop blood from coming out )
they had no idea dirt carried disease
what was wrong with public health in the towns in medival times
sewage systems could not cope and rivers were often used to remove the waste
cesspites would overflow into roads and river
streets were littered with toilet waste and house hold rubbish
butchers often left guts and blood in the river and leather tanners used dangerous chemicals
what was good about public health in towns in the medieval times
some roman sewers still survived and some towns built new pipes out of wood or lead
most towns had privies with cesspites to collect the waste
local councils passed laws to ecourage poeple to keep the streets clean
tradesmen were encouraged to keep areas clean
why were medieval towns so hard to keep clean
population grew and facilities could not keep up
rivers were used for drinking water and waste disposal
people had no knowledge of germs
why did monestries have better conditions in the medieval time
monestries had lavatoriums were pipes delivered clean washing water, privies were contained and waste was emptied and used as manure , monks washed regularly , infirmaries seperated the ill and healthy people
rich people could donate more money on cleaner facilities
monks read books and understood basic cleaning principles
abbys were often out of town and by the river to protect them from epidemics
when was the black death
1348
how was the plague actually spread
through rats and fleas which carried the bubonic plague and pneumonic plague.
it came from asia via trade
why did the black death spread so quickly
streets were dirty and encouraged rats to breed
animals dug up burried victims quickly
quarantine in villages was not effective
people did not understand germs
what were some remides from the black death
prayer
drinking mercury
strapping a shaved chicken to buboes
moving away from a plague area
quarantine
how many people did of the black death in england between 1348 and 1350
1.5 million
what were the social , economic , religious and political impacts of the black death
social - whole villages were killed
political - demand for higher wages contributed to the peasant revolt in 1381
religgious - damage to catholic church because preists died
economic impact - plague created food shortages and the prices went up which caused hardship for many people
land owners switched to sheep farming because it required fewer people
land workers demanded more money and less willing to work
what does renaissance mean
re birth
what were the concequences of the renaisance
new land was discovered and explorers brought back new medicine and food
new scientific learning involved hypothesis and observation
new invention like gunpowder caused new wounds
art could show human bodies in realistic detail
painting spread new ideas quickly
who were medical proffesionals in the renaisance
barber surgeon - poorly trained people who could give you a hair cut and perform small opperations
apothecaries - little or no medical training but sold potions
wise women - treatment relied on superstition but had extensive knowledge of plants
quacks - travelling salesmen who sell medicines
trained doctors - used new and traditional ideas including the four humors
when was thegreat plague
1665
how many people in london die of the great plague
100,000
what were remides for the great plague
bleeding with leaches
smoking to keep away poisoned air
sniffing a spounge soaked in vinager
using animals to draw out the poison ( frogs , snakes )
moving to the country side to avoid catching the plague
how did people deal with the great plague
the recognised the connection between dirt and disease as ost deaths occured in poor areas
mayors issued orders to stop the spread of disease
women searchers identified plague victims and noted down their victims
effective quarantine for 40 days
bodies were burried in mass graves during the night
fires were lit to clear miasma
cats and dogs were killed
gatherings and games were banned
trade over the scottish boarder stopped
how did the great plague end
rats became more resistant so fleas did not need to find huamn hosts
in 1666 quarantine rules meant that disease could no longer come in via trade
how were hospitals developed during the eighteenth centuary
between 1720 and1750 five new genral hospitals were built in london
hospitals ha specialist wards and often had medical schools to train doctors
treatment was free but still based on the four humors
more christains believed it was better to help the sick than argue about beliefs
fewer people believed that illness was punishment
towards the end of the centuary hospitals opened pharmacies to give free medicine to the poor
the british hospital for mother an babie opened in 1749
what was innoculation
giving a healthy person a mild dose of a disease
they did this by blowing dried scabs up their nose to allow them to build up resistance
what were some problems with innoculation
some people believed preventing illness was gods job
if the dose was not low enough people could still die
disease could still be spread
poor peole could not afford it
why was vaccintion opposed
jenner published his finding in 1798 but could not explain how it worked
attempts to repeat his experiment failed
doctors were profiting from innoculation
why was vaccination accepted
it was proved effective by scientific experiement
it was less dangerous than innoculation
members of the royal family were vaccinated
parliment gave £10,000 in 1802 for research
small pox vaccine was made compulsory in 1853
who developed chloroform , when and what did it do
simpson
1847
safe and effective anaethetic
reasons for opposition of anaethetic
surgeons were used to opperating quickly on conscious patients
some army surgeons thought that soldiers should bravely put up with the pain
in the beginning some people died of an overdose of chloroform because people didnt not understand that different people needed different doses
it was thought pain during child birth was gods will
why did people accept the use of anaesthetics
in 1853 queen Victoria used in childbirth
however death rate from infection was still high
