medicine through time

Question 1

what is meant by supernatural causes?

Answer 1

when disease is ‘caused’ by supernatural reasons e.g God or astrology

Question 2

what is meant by natural causes?

Answer 2

when disease is caused by things happening on earth e.g miasma / four humours

Question 3

What were the two reasons people pointed to God for the causes of disease?

Answer 3

1- There was limited science to answer questions that were unable to be answered
2- The church held huge amounts of power and influence over the people

Question 4

Which disease was particularly attributed to God?

Answer 4

Leprosy

Question 5

Where were many lepers sent?

Answer 5

Lazars

Question 6

What did the church say caused God to put serious diseases like the plague or leprosy on people?

Answer 6

Due to people committing sin

Question 7

Astrology was another supernatural cause of disease. What would astrologers look at after examining the alignment of stars/planets?

Answer 7

A star/zodiac chart that contained a list of remedies according to the alignment of the planets

Question 8

What would the physician then use to treat the disease after looking at the star/zodiac chart?

Answer 8

A remedy of different herbs according to the star chart

Question 9

Which major disease pandemic did people say a strange alignment of the planets caused?

Answer 9

The black death

Question 10

Who came up with the Theory of The Four Humours?

Answer 10

Hippocrates

Question 11

What were the four humours?

Answer 11

Blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm

Question 12

What historical period did Hippocrates come from?

Answer 12

Ancient Greece

Question 13

How did the Four humours cause disease/illness?

Answer 13

If they were imbalanced e.g too much phlegm

Question 14

If you were hot with a fever what did people think you had too much of?

Answer 14

Blood

Question 15

If you had a cold and a runny nose, what did people think you had too much of?

Answer 15

Phlegm

Question 16

If you felt sick and was vomiting, what did people think you had too much of?

Answer 16

Yellow bile

Question 17

Which institution heavily supported the Theory of The Four Humours?

Answer 17

The Church

Question 18

Why did the Church support the Theory of The Four Humours?

Answer 18

This is because Hippocrates stated that the imbalance of the humours was due to a creator. This matched what the Church was saying about God’s existence

Question 19

Was the Church open to people challenging the Theory of The Four Humours?

Answer 19

No, the Church refused to accept any challenges to the theory and punished people severely

Question 20

What is another reason why the Church stopped people challenging the Four Humour?

Answer 20

The only people that could actually write were monks and they worked for the Church

Question 21

What was the name of the disease that was attributed to ‘bad smells’?

Answer 21

Miasma

Question 22

Where was ‘miasma’ usually found?

Answer 22

‘Godless’ places like swamps and corpses

Question 23

Did the Church support the idea of miasma causing disease?

Answer 23

Yes it did

Question 24

Why did the Church support/not support the idea of miasma causing disease?

Answer 24

They supported this idea because God causes miasma according to the Church. This ‘shows’ God’s existence

Question 25

Describe how urine charts were used?

Answer 25

The colour of urine would be compared to a 'urine chart'. The darker the urine, the more unwell the patient was

Question 26

What were the main factors that prevented advancement in the understanding of the causes of disease?

Answer 26

The church, individuals, lack of science and technology, attitudes in society

Question 27

Who were the individuals that limited the development of medicine during the medieval period?

Answer 27

Hippocrates and Galen

Question 28

Why did people continue to follow individuals Hippocrates and Galen's ideas?

Answer 28

They were Greek/Roman and era of intellect and they were trusted. Also people were scared of the Church

Question 29

Explain why the Church limited the development of medicine during the medieval period

Answer 29

The church stated that it was sinful for people to challenge their teachings that God causes diseases and the Theories of Hippocrates and Galen. The only people that could write were monks who wouldn't challenge the Church

Question 30

Explain why science and technology limit the development of medicine during the medieval period

Answer 30

Technology was limited during the medieval period and new technology and ideas was expected to fit into the Church and support Galen/Hippocrates

Question 31

Explain why attitudes in society limited the development of medicine during the medieval period

Answer 31

People were simply too scared to challenge the Church as they were told they would go to Hell. Therefore the they were simply just did what they were told

Question 32

Explain how communications limited the development of medicine during the medieval period

Answer 32

Books had to be written by hand. This took a long time, therefore new ideas would not be spread easy

Question 33

Who came up with the Theory of Opposites?

Answer 33

Galen

Question 34

What historical period did Galen come from?

Answer 34

Ancient Rome

Question 35

Describe the Theory of Opposites

Answer 35

The idea that an imbalance of a humour would be rebalanced by using something that is the opposite of the humour

Question 36

what would be the treatment for someone who was hot with a fever?

Answer 36

something cold: - cold bath - cold cucumber on the forehead

Question 37

what would be the treatment for someone who left chilly with a common cold?

Answer 37

- sit by a fire - eat a hot pepper

Question 38

did the Church support Galen?

Answer 38

yes

Question 39

why did the Church support Galen?

Answer 39

- Galen agreed with Hippocrates that a 'creator' caused the imbalance of the humours. - Galen stated that people have a soul = Church taught that

Question 40

what did priests say one should do to treat major diseases?

Answer 40

Pray to God

Question 41

ways people could prevent serious disease or treat a loved one according to the Church?

Answer 41

- Pray to God - go on a pilgrimage

Question 42

why did the church say sometimes one should not pray to God or go on pilgrimages to treat disease?

Answer 42

sometimes the Church stated that God has put the disease on the Earth and it should run its course

Question 43

How would physicians use star charts to treat disease

Answer 43

they would look at star/zodiac charts and make a remedy according to what the star charts states

Question 44

Some used incantations to treat disease? what were these?

Answer 44

spells

Question 45

What did the church think of incantations?

Answer 45

It disapproved of them

Question 46

Is praying, incantations, pilgrimages and astrology natural or supernatural treatment of disease?

Answer 46

Supernatural

Question 47

What was blood letting? and how was it done?

Answer 47

Blood letting was a method used to remove the amount of blood to rebalance the humours. this was done through cutting a vein or leeches

Question 48

How common was the use of blood letting?

Answer 48

It was the most common treatment for the imbalance of humours

Question 49

What was the official name for blood-letting?

Answer 49

Phlebotomy

Question 50

What was purging?

Answer 50

Purging was making the patient vomit

Question 51

Which humour did purging aim to balance?

Answer 51

Yellow bile

Question 52

Why was bathing used to treat disease?

Answer 52

Bathing was used to dissolve blockages in the humours by drawing in heat

Question 53

What animal was superstitiously supposed to help speed up recovery if put in a bath to be bathed with?

Answer 53

a dead fox

Question 54

What are remedies?

Answer 54

A herbal mixture

Question 55

What was a theriaca?

Answer 55

theriaca was a common mixture, containing ginger, cardamom , pepper and saffron

Question 56

Are purging, blood-letting, bathing and remedies natural or supernatural treatment of disease?

Answer 56

Natural

Question 57

What was supposedly airborne that caused people to catch disease?

Answer 57

Miasma

Question 58

How would people purify the air to prevent miasma?

Answer 58

Use pleasant smells by using herbs such as lavender and flowers

Question 59

Some people wore a pomander to prevent miasma. what was a pomander?

Answer 59

A pomander was a herb smelling neckless

Question 60

Hygiene was a way of preventing disease. What did people do for hygiene?

Answer 60

Bathing (poor people - rivers, rich people - baths)

Question 61

Some people followed the regimen sanitatis. What was the regimen sanitatis?

Answer 61

This was a list of hygiene and health routines to keep clean and avoid disease.

Question 62

Give two examples from the regimen sanitatis?

Answer 62

take moderate exercise and keep clean with regular bathing

Question 63

Diet was another form of prevention. What were people told not to do to prevent disease?

Answer 63

Don't eat too much food or too much rich food

Question 64

What did the church say people should do to prevent disease?

Answer 64

Pray regularly and to avoid sin

Question 65

Medieval physicians were the medieval 'doctors'. How long would their university training be for?

Answer 65

7-10 years

Question 66

What was the main role of medieval physicians?

Answer 66

To diagnose rather than treat

Question 67

Physicians would diagnose diseases. What did they look at to diagnose disease?

Answer 67

Faeces, blood, urine and star charts

Question 68

Who performed the majority of surgery during the medieval period? and why?

Answer 68

Barber surgeons because they were the best trained in knives

Question 69

Were the barber surgeons all unskilled?

Answer 69

No some were highly trained

Question 70

What could some barber surgeons do?

Answer 70

remove an arrow head or set a broken bone

Question 71

Who were responsible for making remedies?

Answer 71

Apothecaries

Question 72

What book did many apothecaries get their information on the herbs for the remedies?

Answer 72

Materia medica

Question 73

Where else did apothecaries get their information/training from?

Answer 73

passed down from family members

Question 74

What was the main function of medieval hospitals?

Answer 74

to care for the sick and ensure the comfort of the patients during their recovery

Question 75

What would the nuns in the monasteries do for the patients?

Answer 75

Change bed linens and clothing of the patient and to make them feel as comfortable as possible

Question 76

How many hospitals were there in england by 1500?

Answer 76

1,100

Question 77

What % of hospitals were run by the church? and where did the remainder of hospitals come from?

Answer 77

30%, the remainder of hospitals were paid for by private citizens after their death

Question 78

What was it called when someone leaves money in their will?

Answer 78

These were called endowments

Question 79

Were people who were extremely ill or with terminal disease accepted into hospitals?

Answer 79

No

Question 80

because severely/terminally ill people weren't accepted into hospitals, what was the recovery rate pf people who were accepted? + why did the church like this?

Answer 80

due to the fact that the severely/terminally ill weren't accepted, the recovery rate for those in hospitals were quite high. the church liked this because it showed God's existence as a large number of hospitals were church led

Question 81

Where did most care take place?

Answer 81

At home

Question 82

Who mostly took responsibilities of care in medieval England?

Answer 82

Women