Weimar and Nazi Germany Flashcards
(304 cards)
1
Q
What was Germany’s war debt after WWI?
A
150 billion marks.
2
Q
What % of German troops were casualties (dead or wounded) during WWI?
A
55%
3
Q
How many German civilians died during WWI?
A
750,000
4
Q
What did the Kaiser (Emperor Wilhelm II) do after WWI?
A
He was forced to abdicate (quit the throne).
5
Q
What happened in Stuttgart after WWI in 1918 that helped cause the Kaiser to abdicate?
A
Workers went on strike. Soldiers refused to control the rioting people in the Streets.
6
Q
What happened in Hamburg after WWI in 1918 that helped cause the Kaiser to abdicate?
A
Oct 1918, some German navy crews mutinied (rebelled).
7
Q
What happened in Munich after WWI in 1918 that helped cause the Kaiser to abdicate?
A
Nov 1918, workers declared a general strike and declared that Munich should be separate from Germany.
8
Q
When did the Kaiser decide to abdicate?
A
November 1918 (right at the end of WWI).
9
Q
What made the Kaiser realise, in addition to the events at Hamburg and Munich, he had no choice but to abdicate on 9th November?
A
He had lost the support of the Army and the army leadership.
10
Q
On 9th of November , what was Germany declared?
A
A Republic (government without a king).
11
Q
Who was the man who declared Germany a Republic through a window at the Reichstag?
A
Philipp Scheidemann
12
Q
What party was Philipp Scheidemann part of?
A
Social Democratic Party (SPD)
13
Q
Why did Philipp declare Germany a republic on the same day as the Kaiser’s abdication?
A
To ward off a communist rebellion.
14
Q
The leader of the SDP (Freidrich Ebert) set up what as a temporary measure to control the country?
A
The Council of People’s Representatives
15
Q
What was the reason for The Council of People’s Representatives being set up?
A
To protect the country from a communist revolution until a constitution could be set up.
16
Q
How long was ‘The Council of People’s Representatives’ in control of the country?
A
9 months
17
Q
Why did ‘The Council of People’s Representatives’ end in July 1919 (9 months after it was set up)?
A
A new constitution (rules) were established for the new country.
18
Q
What was this new country called in 1919?
A
The Weimar Republic.
19
Q
Who became the Weimar Republic’s first President?
A
Friedrich Ebert
20
Q
Ebert did several things to increase the people’s confidence in the Weimar Republic. What did he do with the Kaiser’s civil servants?
A
He kept them in place.
21
Q
Why did the Ebert increase the peoples confidence?
A
To ensure the country keeps running, such as taxation collection.
22
Q
What did Ebert do with the army? Why did he do this?
A
He, again, kept it in place. He promised the army officers that they would keep their positions, this meant they would support the new Republic.
23
Q
What happened to the trade unions (workers’ support groups)?
A
Ebert won their support.
24
Q
What was the name of the main trade union leader Ebert gained support from?
A
Carl legien.
25
What did Ebert tell the unions he would aim for?
An 8-hour working week for workers.
26
Why was it so important for Ebert to gain the support of the unions?
To ensure workers work and don’t go on strike.
27
Who was the head of state in the Weimar republic?
President.
28
Who was the head of government?
The Chancellor.
29
What was the role of the Reichstag?
The Reichstag ‘house’ controlled taxation and as elected every 4 years by the people.
30
What was the role Reichsrat?
The Reichsrat ‘house’ represented the regions of Germany.
31
Which was more powerful the Reichstag or Reichsrat?
Reichstag.
32
What was article 48?
Powers given to the President in times of emergency.
33
What type of voting system did the Weimar Republic have?
Proportional representation.
34
What does proportional representation mean?
Each party gets the same percentage of seats in the Reichstag as the percentage of votes in the election. E.g. party A got 40% of the vote and therefore gets 40% of the seats in the Reichstag.
35
What are the advantages of Proportional Representation?
It is very democratic and fair.
36
What are the disadvantages of Proportional Representation?
A party is very unlikely to ever get 50% of the seats in the Reichstag. This means that they no laws can be passed without parties joining together called coalitions.
37
What is the problem with coalitions?
Coalitions often disagree. Also parties have to compromise and don’t end up delivering on their promises in the election.
38
What were the other strengths of the Weimar Republic style of government?
There are lots of ‘checks and balances’ on power, stopping one man/group gaining too much power like it was under the Kaiser. E.g the Reichstag, President, Chancellor keep each other from gaining to much control.
39
What were the other weaknesses of the Weimar Republic style of government?
Proportional representation allows extreme parties, like the communists and the Nazis to have representation in the Reichstag, resulting in unrest and extremism.
40
What was the Treaty of Versailles?
The treaty that was forced on Germany by Britain, France and the USA after WWI in 1919.
41
What economic terms were in the Treaty of Versailles?
Germany had to accept £6.6billion in war reparations, the output of the Saar coalfields was to go to France.
42
What military terms were in the Treaty of Versailles?
Army reduced to 100,000 men, navy reduced to 6 battleships, no aircraft, no submarines.
43
What territorial terms were in the Treaty of Versailles?
Alcase-Lorraine to go to France, land given to Poland to give them access to the sea, ‘Polish corridor’, land in Africa given to Britain, Rhineland to be demilitarised.
44
What is meant by a Diktat?
Something that is imposed not agreed, like the Treaty of Versailles.
45
What were the men who signed the treaty called by opposition to the treaty?
The November Criminals.
46
What did the opposition to the treaty say those men did to the German soldiers who fought in WWI?
Stabbed them in the back.
47
How did the people of Germany show their anger at the treaty of Versailles?
There was a mass protest at the Reichstag on 15th May 1919.
48
What was Germany’s economic situation even before the Treaty of Versailles was signed?
Germany was already 150 billion marks in debt due to WWI.
49
What was the threat from the far-left to the Weimar Republic?
the communists
50
Who were the Spartacists?
communist
51
What was the threat from the far-right to the Weimar Republic?
The Freikorps.
52
What people filled the numbers of the Freikorps?
Mainly WWI soldiers.
53
What was the Spartacist Rebellion?
A Spartacist (communist) rebellion to remove the Weimar Republic and replace it with a communist government
54
Who led the Spartacist rebellion?
A communist called Rosa Luxemburg (‘Red Rosa’)
55
What started the Spartacist rebellion?
A popular left-wing police chief was sacked.
56
How many Spartacist rebels were there and what did they do?
100,000 people took to the streets and took over important telegraph and newspaper offices.
57
Why was the Spartacist rebellion so threatening to Ebert and the Republic?
There was no army to deal with the strikers as they took over the city.
58
What did Ebert do to stop the Spartacist rebellion?
He organised the 250,000 far-right Freikorps to come in to wipe out the Spartacists.
59
Did Eberts plan work to stop the Spartacist rebellion?
Yes the Spartacists were destroyed and Rosa Luxemburg was killed and thrown in a canal.
60
The Freikorps were now in control of Berlin. Did they go home after the rebellion?
No they stayed in Berlin with their weapons
61
What did the Freikorps then do against Ebert?
They staged their own rebellion against the Weimar Republic called the ‘Kapp Putsch’.
62
Why was it called the Kapp Putsch?
It was led by the Wolfgang Kapp
63
How many rebels marched march against Berlin on Kapp Putsch?
5,000
64
What did the Freikorps rebels want?
The return of the Kaiser.
65
How did President Ebert respond to the Freikorps rebellion?
Ebert called on the workers of Berlin, who did not want the Kaiser’s return, to go on strike to stop the country running properly
66
Did President Eberts plan work in regards to the Freikorps rebellion?
Yes it did. Wolfgang Kapp gave up trying to run the country. He was eventually arrested and died in prison.
67
Another major challenge to the Weimar Republic was assassinations. Who was murdered in 1918?
Matthias Erzberger - the politician who signed the surrender to the allies (Britain, France, USA) in WWI
68
Who was murdered in 1919?
Hugo Haasse - one of Ebert’s Council of People’s Representatives was murdered.
69
What did these rebellions (S and F) and the assassinations make the young Weimar Republic appear?
The Weimar Republic is weak.
70
Why did the French invade the Ruhr in 1923?
The French invaded the Ruhr because the Germans fell back on their reparation payments to French. The Ruhr was an industrial area and the French planned to take what was owed in raw materials.
71
How did the Germans respond to the invasion of the Ruhr?
They ordered their workers to go on strike and not work. This was called ‘passive resistance’.
72
How did the French respond back to the Germans?
The French simply brought their own workers in and took the raw materials. This caused even more economic problems for Germany.
73
The Germans suffered from not producing raw materials in the Ruhr. How did they suffer?
This disruption increased Germany’s debts, increased unemployment and worsened the shortage of goods.
74
How did the government decide to solve the economic problem from the Ruhr?
Print more money.
75
What did printing more money cause?
Hyperinflation (extreme decrease in the value of Germany’s currency).
76
What happened to ‘day to day’ living due to hyperinflation?
It became impossible as no one had enough cash to buy things and price kept going up daily.
77
How much was a loaf of bread in 1923?
200,000 billion marks.
78
What happened to people’s savings due to hyperinflation?
They disappeared overnight.
79
What happened to foreign trade as a consequence of hyperinflation?
It stopped. Countries did not want to trade with Germany’s destroyed currency/economy.
80
What happened to people’s jobs due to hyperinflation?
Many lost their jobs.
81
What social class suffered the most due to hyperinflation?
The middle class.
82
Why did the middle class suffer the most due to hyperinflation?
All their money was in banks, where it disappeared
83
Who became the new Chancellor in 1923 promising to solve the extreme problems of hyperinflation?
Gustav Stresemann
84
What was the name of the new currency introduced by Stresemann and why was it valuable?
Reichsmark, it was tied to gold reserves and was now trusted home and abroad
85
Stresemann signed the Dawes Plan. What was included in the Dawes Plan in 1924?
Reparations were temporarily reduced to £50 million per year. US banks agreed to give loans to German industry. They loaned $25 billion between 1924 – 1930.
86
What effect did the Dawes Plan have on the economy?
Industrial output doubled between 1923 – 1928. Employment, trade and income increased.
87
Stresemann signed the Young Plan. What was included in the Young Plan in 1929?
Reduced the reparations from £6.6 billion to £2 billion. Given a further 59 years in which to pay it.
88
What did the Young Plan allow the government to do?
Reduce taxes to stimulate the economy
89
Why did the Nazis dislike the Dawes and Young plans?
The Nazis thought that they were punishing the German youth as these loans would have to be paid back
90
Stresemann signed the Locarno Treaties. What was decided at the Locarno Treaties, 1925?
Germany was allowed entry into the League of Nations
91
Stresemann signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact. What was decided at the Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928?
Germany and 61 other countries signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact. This pact promised states would not use war to achieve foreign policy aims.
92
Why was the Kellogg-Briand Pact significant for Germany?
Germany was not included in international decisions. This was not the case in 1919 when the Treaty of Versailles was signed.
93
As a consequence of Stresemann’s changes, what happened to unemployment between 1924-28?
Unemployment went down from 2 million to 1.3 million.
94
How many new homes were built under Stresemann?
64,000 new homes.
95
What happened to the standard working hours under Stresemann?
It was reduced from 50 hours to 46 per week.
96
During the Weimar Republic, what happened to the political rights of women?
Women gained the vote (this is before Britain and the USA).
97
What percentage of women turned up to vote in the first Weimar elections?
90%.
98
What was different about how women conducted themselves at leisure and socially?
They wore short hair, more make up, more jewellery and more revealing clothes. They smoked and drank more and went out unaccompanied.
99
Were there improvements in the rights of women in the workplace during the Weimar Republic?
No, very little
100
During the Weimar Republic how much less were women paid than men?
33%
101
In high-status jobs such as judges very few women main progress. How many women made it to become judges in the entirety of Germany in 1933?
Only 36
102
When were women expected to give up work for good?
When they got married.
103
What were new type of art became popular during the Weimar Republic?
Modern ‘expressionist’ art. It was usually critical of German society.
104
Which artist was particularly well known for expressionist art?
Otto Dix.
105
What were the cultural changes to architecture?
There was a change to build futuristic city ‘skyscraper’ towers.
106
What was the best example of this type of 'skyscraper' building in Berlin?
Einstein Tower.
107
What was the name of the architect that built these types of futuristic buildings all around Berlin?
Erich Mendelsohn
108
What were the cultural changes to cinema?
There was a boom in German cinema
109
What was a famous film produced during this era and who directed it?
Metropolis, by Fritz Lang.
110
What genre was the film 'Metropolis' one of the first of?
Horror.
111
Where did the opposition to these cultural changes come from?
The Nazis. They believed it was an attack on traditional Germany.
112
What was the original name of the Nazi Party?
The German Workers Party (DAP).
113
Who changed it to its famous name the Nazi Party or NSDAP?
Adolf Hitler
114
How long did it take for Hitler to take over the party after joining?
2 years.
115
When Hitler took over he changed the Nazi Party’s main policies. What were these policies?
Anti-Jewish, anti-Treaty of Versailles, anti-democracy, pro-territory expansionist.
116
In the early days of the Nazi Party, why did Hitler have personal appeal?
Hitler was a very good speaker and his speeches were emotive.
117
How many early Nazi events was Hitler the star speaker between Nov 1919 and Nov 1920?
31/46.
118
Due to Hitler’s personal appeal. The membership of the Nazi Party massively grew. How much did the Nazi Party membership increase from between June 1920 - December 1920?
1,000 to 3,000
119
Hitler also set up the SA in August 1921. Who were the SA?
They were Stormtrooper, mainly consisting of ex-soldiers. They acted as bodyguards and thugs for the Nazis.
120
What were the SA often tasked with doing?
Disrupting opposition (like the communists) meetings.
121
Who led the SA?
Ernst Röhm, a former army officer and friend of Hitler.
122
What was the Munich Putsch, in 1923?
An armed rebellion by Hitler and the Nazis to take over the Munich government by force and then go onto Berlin to take over the country.
123
What was the main short-term cause of the Munich Putsch?
The Weimar government’s inability to deal with the hyperinflation crisis of 1923.
124
What was the main medium-term cause of the Munich Putsch?
From 1921 to 1922, Hitler was heavily influenced by a right-wing party in Italy, called the Fascists, Led by Mussolini. Hitler wanted to emulate Mussolini.
125
What was the main long-term cause of the Munich Putsch?
The Treaty of Versailles, its effects on Germany and soldiers’ stab in the back by the Weimar politicians that signed it.
126
Where did the Munich Putsch begin?
A beer hall.
127
Who was the famous military general that fully supported Hitler in his rebellion?
General Ludendorff.
128
At the beginning of the Munich Putsch Hitler and Ludendorff burst into the beer hall and found three important men. One was the head of the police in the area. who was he?
Von Seisser.
129
Another in the beer hall was the head of the German army in the area, who was he?
Von Lossow
130
The last one in the beer hall was the head of the state government, who was he?
Von Kahr.
131
After entering the beer hall, what did Hitler and Ludendorff make Seisser, Lossow and Kahr promise?
Their support.
132
Did Seisser, Lossow and Kahr fulfil their promise to Hitler?
No, they decided to fight against Hitler as soon as they were free.
133
Apart from Seisser, Lossow and Kahr, who else did not support the rebellion?
The townspeople and the regular army.
134
How many SA soldiers did Hitler have under his command during the rebellion?
2,000.
135
Was 2,000 SA soldiers enough?
No, it was totally overwhelmed by the regular police and army.
136
The Munich Putsch failed. How could the planning be described?
It was poorly planned.
137
How many died in the Munich Putsch? Who were they?
20 (16 marchers and 4 police).
138
What punishment did Hitler receive after Munich Putsch?
5 year prison sentence.
139
How much time did Hitler serve after Munich Putsch?
9 months.
140
Why was the judge so lenient about Hitler's punishment?
The judge agreed with him.
141
What did Hitler do during his time in jail?
Hitler wrote Mein Kampf
142
In Mein Kampf, what did Hitler say about the Jews?
That there was a ‘Jewish Conspiracy’ to destroy Germany and turn the world communist
143
Also in Mein Kampf, Hitler wrote about how he wanted four things for Germany. What were they?
1. Nationalism (extreme pride in one’s country)
2. Socialism (financial support for the people)
3. Totalitarianism (dictatorship) 4. Traditional German values.
144
After leaving prison, Hitler decided to rebuilt the Nazi Party. How did Hitler reorganise the structure of the party?
The party was organised like a mini state, with Hitler as the leader and departments for all aspects of government, such as finance, foreign affairs, industry, agriculture and education
145
In 1926, what party conference did the Nazis hold?
The Bamberg Conference.
146
What did the Nazis discuss in the Bamberg Conference?
Whether the Nazis should focus more on ‘socialism’ or ‘nationalism’.
147
Which of the two ideas became the main focus of the Nazi Party after the Bamberg Conference?
Nationalism.
148
What did Hitler do with the SA when rebuilding the Nazi Party?
Hitler had expanded the SA to 400,000 members.
149
How did Hitler raise money for the Nazi Party during this era?
He raised money from rich industrialists.
150
Who did he get money from?
Big businessmen Krupp and Bosch.
151
Why did these people give Hitler money?
Hitler’s tough stance on communists.
152
How did Hitler spread his message during these years?
Through propaganda e.g posters, speeches.
153
What method did Hitler now believe the Nazis should get to power with?
Through democratic votes rather than rebellion.
154
What does it mean by the ‘Lean Years’ of the Nazi Party?
The period between 1924-29 when the Nazis had little support from the people.
155
Who was in charge during the Lean Years period?
Gustav Stresemann.
156
Why did Stresemann being in charge of Germany (as Chancellor and foreign minister) have an effect on the popularity of the Nazis?
Stresemann’s successful policies (Young and Dawes Plans and the Locarno Treaty) made Germany successful. This meant that people didn’t have to vote for extreme parties because the regular parties were doing well.
157
Who became President of Germany in 1925?
Paul von Hindenburg.
158
What effect did Hindenburg have on support for the Nazis and why?
It further decreased the support for the Nazis. This is because Hindenburg was an ex army general and was popular with right-wing voters who were the Nazis’ target audience.
159
How much support was there for the Nazis in urban areas during this period?
Very small.
160
What % of Germans in Berlin voted for the Nazis in the 1928 election?
1%
161
What does the correlation of the Nazis Party in the election during good economic times?
When the economy was strong the Nazis did badly in elections
162
What was the Wall Street Crash in 1929?
When the stock market crashed in the USA and sent the world into the Great Depression.
163
Why did Germany suffer particularly bad in the Great Depression?
Germany had borrowed huge amounts of money for the USA (Dawes Plan) and the Americans wanted it back immediately.
164
What were the economic effects of the Great Depression on Germany?
Mass unemployment, loss of savings, loss of investments.
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What happened to many German banks during the depression?
They crashed.
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How many people were unemployed during the Great Depression?
6 million.
167
What % of 16 to 30-year-olds were unemployed?
50%
168
What % of university graduates were unemployed?
60%.
169
The depression caused an increase in crime. What % increase was there in thefts in Berlin?
24%.
170
Why did big businesses support the Nazis with financial donations during the Great Depression?
They were fearful of communism and the Nazis were fiercely anti-communist.
171
Which owner of a famous car company poured money into the Nazi Party?
Benz.
171
Why did working-class people support the Nazis during the Great Depression?
The Nazis offered ‘bread and work’. Hitler promised to rebuild the army and create large public works which would provide jobs.
172
Who did the working-class support more though during the Great Depression?
The Communist Party.
173
Why did the middle-class support the Nazis during the Great Depression?
They were scared of communism and some did not like the liberal sexual freedoms that Germany experienced in the 1920s. They had also suffered financially from the Depression. They saw the strong Nazis as a way of getting out of the problem.
174
Why did farmers support the Nazis during the Great Depression?
They were scared of communism and the Nazis promised to confiscate Jewish land and give it to non-Jews.
175
In the 1930 election what % of the people in the countryside voted for the Nazis?
60%
176
Why did women vote for the Nazis during the Great Depression?
They were attracted to the idea of supporting their country and traditional culture of staying at home to look after the family.
177
Why did some women not like the Nazis?
Women were against the idea of the Nazis removing their cultural elevations. E.g. going out drinking, better work opportunities and more sexual freedoms.
178
Why were young people attracted to the Nazis?
They were attracted to the rallies, symbolism and work opportunities.
179
In April 1932, who stands for re-election to be President?
Hindenburg
180
Who runs against him?
Hitler
181
Hitler loses but what % of vote did he get?
36%
182
Is it impressive that Hitler won 36% of the votes?
yes
183
In May 1932, who resigns as Chancellor?
Chancellor Brüning.
184
Why had Chancellor Brüning angered the Nazis a month earlier?
Brüning had banned the SA.
185
Why had Brüning also attacked the conservative President Hindenburg?
Brüning has attacked landowners.
186
Who replaced Brüning as Chancellor in May 1932?
Von Papen.
187
How does Von Papen get enough seats in the Reichstag to gain power
Von Papen joins in coalition with the Nazis
187
What does this mean for the Nazis?
The SA is reinstated. It is also their first taste of power.
188
In July 1932 there are Reichstag elections. How many seats does the Nazi Party win?
230 seats.
189
What % of the seats is this?
38%
190
What does Hitler immediately demand as a consequence of this successful election?
That Hindenburg appoint him Chancellor.
191
Does Hindenburg do it?
No, Hindenburg detested Hitler
192
There was another Reichstag election in November 1932. How many seats do the Nazi get?
196
193
The numbers are slightly less than the previous election, but what are the Nazi party remain as in the Reichstag?
The largest party in the Reichstag.
194
What happens to Chancellor Von Papen in November 1932?
He gets sacked
195
Why was Von Papen removed?
Hindenburg thought that if Von Papen stayed it could descend into civil war
196
Who becomes Chancellor in December 1932?
Von Schleicher.
197
Von Schleicher has no power in the Reichstag. Why?
He has no majority in the Reichstag and the Nazis are against him.
198
What does von Schleicher suggest to Hindenburg?
Von Schleicher become the head of a military dictatorship
199
How does Hindenburg react?
Totally refuses
200
In January 1933, what does von Papen then suggest?
Hitler is made Chancellor and Von Papen is made Vice- Chancellor.
201
What does von Papen think he can do?
He can control Hitler
202
On 30th January who becomes Chancellor?
Hitler
203
What were the three factors to Hitler becoming chancellor?
Great Depression, weaknesses of the Weimar Republic and individuals.
204
What were the weaknesses of the Weimar Republic?
Proportional Representation (causing coalitions), inability to deal with the Great depression.
205
Who were the three individuals (not including Hitler) that caused Hitler’s rise to the Chancellorship?
Hindenburg, von Schleicher and von Papen.
206
How did Hindenburg help cause Hitler to become Chancellor?
He never truly believed in the Weimar Republic, used Article 48 to govern (making dictatorship appear acceptable) and Hindenburg personally appointed Hitler.
207
How did Von Schleicher and von Papen help cause Hitler to become Chancellor?
They were both right wing conservatives that removed the more democratic Brüning for a ‘Cabinet of barons’. This along, with the willingness to use the army undermined the Weimar Republic.
208
When did President Hindenburg make Hitler Chancellor?
January 1933.
209
After becoming Chancellor was Hitler a dictator?
No. He had the power similar to a modern British Prime Minister.
210
Who did Hitler blame the Reichstag fire on?
A Dutch communist called Marinus van der Lubbe.
211
What Act was Hitler able to make President Hindenburg pass after the Reichstag fire in March 1933?
The Enabling Act.
212
Why was the Enabling Act easy for Hitler to pass through the Reichstag?
Communists had been removed and non-Nazis were too intimidated to vote against it.
212
What power did this act provide Hitler with?
Powers of a dictator. This allowed Hitler and his cabinet to pass laws and implement strong censorship.
213
What did Hitler do with other political parties?
He banned all political parties apart from the Nazi Party.
214
What did he do with trade unions?
Banned them to ensure they were not a base for communists.
215
Hitler replaced the local democratic governments with a single governors, loyal to him.
216
No
217
He did not have complete control of his own party as Ernst Rohm had control of the SA. Also Hindenburg was still president.
218
Hitler executed the SA leader Ernst Rohm and other leading SA officials. The SA was dissolved into the army.
219
Big businessmen were scared of Rohm’s support for socialism. Hitler was scared that if he did not remove Rohm, he would lose money.
219
SS leaders Himmler, wanted more power over Hitler (Rohm was in the way and Hitler was worried Rohm was more popular than him within the Nazi Party.
220
The regular army were concerned that the SA would turn into the new army and replace them.
220
Swear an oath of allegiance.
221
Hitler now had complete control of his own party and the full support of the German Army.
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