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GCSE Warfare Through Time > Medieval Period (1250-1500) > Flashcards

Medieval Period (1250-1500) Flashcards

1
Q

What were size of British armies in this period?

A

5k-10k men

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2
Q

What was the common infantry to cavalry ratio in 1250-1500?

A

2:1

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3
Q

How many of the cavalry, who were elite, from the upper nobility?

A

30%

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4
Q

Name of a man from the cavalry in the lower nobility?

A

Sir Roger Bassett

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5
Q

What was a nobelman’s retinue and how many people in each?

A

A group of 5-25 men who led the rest of the cavalry who were men-at-arms

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6
Q

Explain how command was decided by social position rather than experience/nobility?

A

King rewards supporters with land (nobles). These nobles give land to gentry who support the king and the king expected gentry and nobles to command troops for him in return (feudal system)

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7
Q

Example of cavalry ignoring orders in medieval period?

A

Battle of Lewes (1264) when Prince Edward lost control of cavalry

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8
Q

What weapons did cavalrymen have?

A

2 horses to a war, swords and lances

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9
Q

What weapons did infantry have?

A

Swords, daggers. Some had ‘brown bills’, pikes and crossbows

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10
Q

How far could normal bows fire?

A

100m

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11
Q

What protection did cavalrymen have?

A

Hauberks (chainmail) with a coif (hood)

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12
Q

What did knights wear?

A

Colourful surcoats and flat-topped helmets

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13
Q

What did infantry wear for protection?

A

Gambesons (leather jackets) and metal/leather skull caps

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14
Q

What was the political state of England in 1250?

A

Not democratic

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15
Q

What affected strategy in medieval period?

A

Social attitudes

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16
Q

How was war fought and was it normal?

A

Normal part of society and just limited warfare and castles

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17
Q

What was used before the last resort of battles?

A

Outmanouvring the enemy into hopeless positions then negotiating a victory or besieging castles and stealing from enemy territory after

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18
Q

How did we see battle as a last resort in medieval period?

A

Llewylln the Last rejected Henry’s control of Wales and decided to raid camps and food before slipping away

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19
Q

How was limited warfare forced due to the nature of society?

A

Henry III had limited resources so could only raise a small army, he had limited power as he would have to persuade powerful nobles to fight for him.

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20
Q

Why was there a campaigning season?

A

Fighting could only happen from late spring to autumn due to the harvest and poor weather conditions

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21
Q

What did communications rely on in medieval period?

A

Spies, messengers and pigeons

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22
Q

How were attackers disadvantaged in sieges?

A

Army would have to divide forces to each castle and the defenders would have prepared bases for counterattacks

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23
Q

When did we see attackers have disadvantage in sieges?

A

Battle of Lewes (1264) as Simon de Monfort placed his army on Offham hill so royal army had to climb.

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24
Q

What were the two cavalry tactics?

A

Routed chase and mounted charge

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25
Q

What was the main infantry tactic?

A

Shield wall uses shields with overlapping pikes, just to withstand enemy attacks.

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26
Q

Why weren’t archers too significant before longbow?

A

Only used to weaken enemy

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27
Q

What happened if archers and cavalry couldn’t breake enemy lines?

A

Melee

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28
Q

How did the feudal system recruit cavalry?

A

King granted powerful supporters areas of land (king’s tenants-in-chief). They promise to provide military support and give some land to sub-tenants if they were willing to give military support to tenants-in-chiefs.

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29
Q

What was knight service limited to?

A

40 days per year

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30
Q

Who were the most common feudal troops?

A

Feudal knights

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31
Q

Why were new forms of recruitment needed?

A

Feudal system breaking by 1250 as king struggled to enforce feudal duties

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32
Q

What is the Assize of arms?

A

The wealthier you are, the more military support you provide

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33
Q

When did Henry III use Assize of arms?

A

1250, stated all men with £15 of land must supply a mounted knight, sword, dagger etc.

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34
Q

What did king start to accept rather than military service?

A

Scutage (‘shield money’)

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35
Q

What was scutage used for?

A

Mostly to employ mercenaries

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36
Q

How much did mercenaries cost?

A

2 shillings a day for mounted knightd and 1 shilling a day for men-at-arms.

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37
Q

What were the advantages of mercenaries?

A

Better disciplined and armed than feudal troops but more expensive

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38
Q

What was the royal household and how much were they paid?

A

Permanent troops who serve the king, made £5 a year.

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39
Q

Why did Henry III rely on informal measures to recruit infantry?

A

There wasn’t any feudal duty for ordinary people to serve as infantry

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40
Q

Why did feudal infantry join the army?

A

To defend country and loyalty, for adventure and to escape poverty.

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41
Q

What was plunder?

A

When enemy defeated, money and goods stolen and divided amongst winning army.

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42
Q

What did the Assize of arms begin to demand for infantry?

A

To be ready to serve king for 40 days with weapons as infantry

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43
Q

When did Henry III use Assize of arms to recruit infantry?

A

During Barons War (1264-67)

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44
Q

Who were commisioners of array?

A

People who visited parts of England to inspect weapons used in infantry assize of arms

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45
Q

Why was the Assize of arms not great at getting good infantry?

A

Stated you had to be skilled at using your weapon yet there was no organised training

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46
Q

How were cavalry from nobility and gentry mostly trained in?

A

Horsemanships and use of lances

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47
Q

What was the culture of chivalry from the cavalry in the nobility and gentry?

A

Knights shouldn’t train in large groups, should focus on individual combat, and should compete in tournaments

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48
Q

How was provisioning set out for first 40 days of service?

A

Had to bring own provisioned food etc.

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49
Q

How was provisioning supplied?

A

Baggage trains followed armies and supply depots sometimes went ahead of armies

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50
Q

How did armies often resort for provisioning?

A

Demanding from locals by either paying or steal

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51
Q

How were the uses of pikes changed?

A

Inspired by Scottish Pikemen to use schiltrons

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52
Q

Why were schiltrons good for defence?

A

Cavalry couldn’t attack it

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53
Q

Why was it hard for schiltrons to attack?

A

Hard to move as a group

54
Q

When were attacking schiltrons used?

A

By Scottish at battle of Stirling Bridge (1297)

55
Q

What did the success of schiltrons reveal?

A

The power of infantry wnd the decline of mounted knights

56
Q

Why did longbows require lots of training?

A

Made of yew/elm wood which required great strength

57
Q

What was the rate of fire and distance of longbows?

A

10-15rpm and 200m distance.

58
Q

What do records show about the piercing power of longbows?

A

A longbow once pierced through all a knight’s armour, pinned the horse and the knight together.

59
Q

2 times effective longbow use was seen?

A

Battle of Falkirk (1298) and Battle of Agincourt (1415)

60
Q

What caused change for longbows to be successful?

A

Technology

61
Q

Who was an example of people causing change for the longbow?

A

Edward I as his longbow used caused them to become key parts of English armies for next 150 years.

62
Q

Why did tactics change?

A

Due to the power of the longbow

63
Q

How did archers keep up with cavalry in new tactics?

A

Rode on horseback and fought on foot

64
Q

How were archers used to defend with new tactics?

A

Showered arrows from the flanks, causing the attackers to funnel towards men-at-arms and form a melee

65
Q

When were the new longbow tactics used?

A

Battle of Agincourt (1415)

66
Q

Why did infantry to cavalry ratio become 3:1 by 1400?

A

Due to success of longbow

67
Q

How did armour change due to longbows?

A

1320: metal plates added such as breastplates
1420: suits of armour

68
Q

What did Roger Bacon write in 1267 after experimenting with gunpowder?

A

Gunpowder had a roar greater than thunder and a flash greater than lightning

69
Q

How did the 1320-1430 cannons have little significance?

A

Wooden barrels and shot balls of stone

70
Q

When were cannons used for sieges with little impact?

A

Siege of Calais

71
Q

What did a contemporary writer write to show little power of cannon?

A

English ‘fired off some cannons to frighten’ the enemy

72
Q

Why were cannons mainly used in sieges in 1320?

A

Were heavy and only had 100-yard range

73
Q

Why did cannons improve from 1430-1500?

A

Due to technology

74
Q

How were cannon barrels developed from stone?

A

Included iron, copper and brass now

75
Q

How did cannons get greater power, accuracy and range by 1430?

A

Barrels sometimes were 3x as long as their diameter

76
Q

What were trunions and what did they allow?

A

Rods at each side of barrel which allowed barrel to be lifted higher or lower, making it more flexible

77
Q

What are example of specialist cannons made?

A

Light mobile cannons, heavy cannons and mortars

78
Q

What is an example of the impact of the improved cannon?

A

1000 English cavalry took losses from French cannons in the Battle of Castillon (1453)

79
Q

How did castles change due to the uses of cannons in sieges?

A

Walls were made thicker and shorter

80
Q

What did all Venetian armies replace crossbows with in 1490?

A

Arquebuses

81
Q

What is an example of the unreliability of cannons?

A

James II of Scotland blew himself up with cannon in 1460

82
Q

What were cons of cannons in the medieval period?

A

Slow to reload, innacurate at far distances and too heavy for battle

83
Q

What were cons of firearms in medieval period?

A

Slow to load, unreliable due to weather and used little due to dominance of longbow

84
Q

What is an example of the lack of use of firearms in the medieval period?

A

At Battle of Bosworth (1485), no evidence of a single firearm shot.

85
Q

What declined most in the medieval period?

A

Cavalry in its traditional use

86
Q

How did cvalry tactics change from 1330?

A

Cavalry used as an integrated force with other troops

87
Q

How were new cavalry tactics seen in the Hundred Years’ War?

A

Cavalry took on specialist roles such as scouting and chasing fleeing troops

88
Q

Why were only 5% or cavalry nobles for the English campaign in France (1375)?

A

Knights began to pay scutage rather than fighting

89
Q

What was wrong with mercenaries?

A

They had own leaders so weakened link between social class and command

90
Q

How do we see that the size of armies was constant in this period?

A

Battle of Lewes (1264) - Henry III army had 10k
Battle of Agincourt (1415) - Henry V army had 8k

91
Q

What was an example of limited warfare staying the same in this period?

A

English armies carried out chevauchees in Hundred Years’ War (raids on horseback) to stop French growing crops

92
Q

What is an example of capturing castles staying the same in this period?

A

Henry V captured French castles in Harfleur in 1400s.

93
Q

How did command stay the same in this period and example?

A

Leading nobles and close relatives still used as commanders e.g Edward I used Earl of Surrey as senior commander in Battle of Falkirk

94
Q

How was recruitment of cavalry achieved in 1250?

A

Feudal duties of nobles and knights, assize of arms and mercenaries

95
Q

How was recruitment of infantry achieved in 1250?

A

Loyalty of common people and assize of arms

96
Q

How long was feudal troops still used to recruit for?

A

Until 1350

97
Q

What methods of recruitment increased after 1250?

A

Assize of arms and paid troops (became main source)

98
Q

When was the last use of feudal troops?

A

1327

99
Q

What were the disadvantages of feudal troops?

A

. Until 1330, kings could only call up 5k mounted feudal troops
. Only had to fight in England and for 40 days
. Quality unreliable as based on social status
. Discipline unreliable
. Feudal infantry only part time and had poor quakity weapons

100
Q

How did attitudes in society cause changes in recruitment?

A

As feudal system broke down, tenants were less willing to agree with demand for feudal duties

101
Q

How was the Assize of arms extended in an effort to come up with a recruitment scheme?

A

Statute of Winchester (1285) - commisoners of array were appointed for each town and country, who would annually muster all local 16-20 year old men in an array of arms

102
Q

What were requirements in Statute of Winchester?

A

Men had to bring at least a bow, arrows, sword and a dagger
Wealthier men had to bring armour, shield, lance etc.
men had to serve 40 days and were paid if served longer

103
Q

Why were there questions raised on whether people fully complied with Assize of arms?

A

In 1296, 713 men summoned to serve Edward I in France and only 76 sailed

104
Q

Why did Kings begin to rely on paid troops more?

A

Compelling people to fight by feudal duties or Assize of Arms wasn’t improving army

105
Q

How did Royal Household change by 1300?

A

Numbers increased as paid troops increased. Edward I had 4000 mounted cavalry in his RH

106
Q

What was impressive about Edward III’s army?

A

First army to fully consist paid troops

107
Q

How is the sustained role of nobility seen in English army?

A

Even late in period, commanders and troops sometimes still same people who served king in feudal system

108
Q

What did new recruitment systems lead to?

A

Better training

109
Q

How did feudal troops change?

A

Only summoned for war

110
Q

How did role of knights continue?

A

Still only practiced combat alone at tournaments

111
Q

How did annual array of arms change?

A

Included a practice of using inspected weapons

112
Q

What did the Statute of Winchester include for training?

A

Archery targets had to be set up in every town

113
Q

Why were paid troops the favoured campaigning option by the 1400s?

A

Better trained, experienced at fighting in groups

114
Q

What did regular musters help do for training?

A

Make it more organised and get good value for money

115
Q

Why did provisioning become more important in the medieval period?

A

There were more wars so more horses were needed
Much more weapons: Battle of Crecy (1346) - English archers shot half a mil arrows in one day

116
Q

What was the form of requisitioning called purveyance?

A

When food and fodder for army was requisitoned by the crown

117
Q

Why did food provisioning often not work?

A

Foraging in countryside and plundering became common

118
Q

How did the Royal Armoury weapon store allow archers to not have to supply own arrows by 1360?

A

It stored 11k bows and half a million arrows

119
Q

Why were baggage trains often a target?

A

Horses pulled baggae trains and needed food to be fed. If the trains were destroyed, army and horses would starve

120
Q

Why were baggage trains annoying for the army?

A

Only moved 25-30km a day, slow af

121
Q

What was the bad impact of warfare mostly due to?

A

Cost of warfare, recruitment for wars and impact of fighting

122
Q

Why was cost of wars expensive?

A

England constantly at war in this period

123
Q

Why did cost of warfare have a bad impact on civilians?

A

Ways kings raised money and supplies usually used civilians

124
Q

When was increased taxation shown to cause unrest?

A

Peasants Revolt (1381)

125
Q

How was tax income not actually so bad?

A

Even by end of Hundred Years’ War, tax only around 1% annual income for most people.

126
Q

Why were civilians annoyed about requisitioning?

A

When crown requisitioned food, often didn’t pay a fair price

127
Q

Give words from a 1340 poem that shows unrest of civilians around purveyance?

A

‘You who eat off silver and pay in wood, how much better to pay in silver and eat off wood.’

128
Q

When were manu ships seens to be seized as not enough could be requisitoned?

A

Crecy campaign (1346) - crown had no ships so 700 private ships seized.

129
Q

How did civilians show they didn’t like being forced to fight?

A

Increasing number chose to pay scutage, some civilians who were called to arms deserted immediately.

130
Q

Example of civilians showing resentment towards recruitment system?

A

1355, when archers from Gloucester were told to join king’s army in Scotland, they refused

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