megadeck Flashcards
1
Q
True or false: The oral bioavailability of a drug is the percentage of a drug which reaches the systemic circulation.
A
True
2
Q
True or false: The drugs most likely to give rise to drug interactions are those which have a steep dose-response curve.
A
True
3
Q
True or false: Bioavailability is defined as the percentage of a drug dose within the systemic circulation.
A
True
4
Q
True or false: Impaired hepatic functions may lead to increased pharmacodynamic effect.
A
True
5
Q
True or false: There are fewer than 100,000 genes in the human genome.
A
True
6
Q
True or false: Gene therapy is science fiction.
A
False
7
Q
True or false: A nonsense mutation causes the synthesis of a protein to be terminated prematurely.
A
True
8
Q
True or false: The cystic fibrosis gene product is an ion channel protein.
A
True
9
Q
True or false: In screening, the test used should have low sensitivity and specificity.
A
False
10
Q
True or false: Bacterial endotoxins can sometimes be chemically modified to provide antigens for immunisation.
A
True
11
Q
True or false: Staphylococcus epidermidis is an example of a Gram-positive coccus.
A
True
12
Q
True or false: All penicillins are inactivated by beta-lactamase.
A
False
13
Q
True or false: Aciclovir is used to treat infection with all herpes viruses.
A
False
14
Q
True or false: Both exogenous and endogenous substances can cause primary chronic inflammation.
A
True
15
Q
True or false: Cystic fibrosis is most common in Asian people.
A
False
16
Q
True or false: Transcription = synthesis of protein on a mRNA template.
A
False
17
Q
True or false: Which genetic code-words are assigned to which amino acids depends on the organism in which the code is working.
A
False
18
Q
True or false: Hepatitis B virus is associated with human malignancy.
A
True
19
Q
True or false: Human papilloma virus type 16 is associated with human malignancy.
A
True
20
Q
True or false: Phase 2 reactions produce water soluble conjugates which are excreted in the urine or bile.
A
True
21
Q
True or false: Drug interactions are more likely to occur with drugs which are highly protein bound.
A
True
22
Q
True or false: In randomised controlled trials assessment is always carried out by blinded observers.
A
False
23
Q
True or false: the state of having two identical alleles of a gene is called ‘heterozygous’.
A
False
24
Q
True or false: Interphase is the stage of the cell cycle when chromosomes are most visible.
A
False
25
True or false: The founder effect is defined as random fluctuation of one allele transmitted to a high proportion of offspring by chance.
False
26
True or false: Uncles and nieces share on average 25% of their autosomal alleles.
True
27
True or false: The purpose of MMR genes is to create errors during DNA replication.
False
28
True or false: In SPECT, gamma cameras stay in place to focus on an area of interest.
False
29
True or false: Bacterial and human ribosomes are identical.
False
30
True or false: Light microscopy can be used in the routine laboratory to examine unstained specimens of urine and cereberospinal fluid (CSF) for the presence of pus (white blood cells).
True
31
True or false: Light microscopy can be used in the routine laboratory to identify mycobacteria in clinical specimens after Gram staining.
False
32
True or false: Prophylaxis should be given before every operation.
False
33
True or false: Fibroblasts produce fibrinogen.
False
34
True or false: In genetics, when drawing a pedigree, consanguinity is indicated with a single horizontal line.
False
35
True or false: Sunlight causes skin cancer by damaging the structure of DNA.
True
36
True or false: mRNA has a distinct lifetime within the cytoplasm of the cell and its degradation helps control protein production.
True
37
True or false: The liver is a common site for metastatic carcinoma.
True
38
True or false: Benign tumours can cause negative health effects.
True
39
True or false: The acetylation and hydroxylation enzymes exhibit genetic polymorphism.
True
40
True or false: The oral bioavailability of a drug is reduced by high protein binding within the circulation.
False
41
True or false: Therapeutic trials are designed to show whether a treatment is of medical value.
True
42
True or false: Epilepsy is a genetic disease.
True
43
True or false: During the formation of gametes, the cells that form sperm go through fewer divisions than those that form eggs.
False
44
True or false: Germline mutations are nonheritable.
False
45
True or false: In staging of cancer, letter T is used to denote presence of distant metastases.
False
46
True or false: Inert or killed vaccines provide immediate protection after a single dose.
False
47
True or false: All antibiotic resistance is caused by genes carried on plasmids.
False
48
True or false: All bacteria produce spores.
False
49
True or false: In acute inflammation, red cells are found near endothelium and neutrophils aggregate in the centre of the lumen.
False
50
True or false: Pedigree charts: if the trait is dominant, every child that expresses the trait will have a parent that also expresses the trait.
True
51
True or false: Y-linked conditions occur only in males and in all their male descendants.
True
52
True or false: tRNA is transcribed from DNA and carries information for protein synthesis.
False
53
True or false: Adenoma is a benign tumour.
True
54
True or false: Oncogenes were originally derived from viral oncogenes.
False
55
True or false:
| Therapeutic trials are designed to answer a precisely framed question.
True
56
True or false: Levodopa has a low bio-availability because it is metabolised in the gut wall.
True
57
True or false: The oral bioavailability of a drug is decreased by slowing gastric emptying time.
False
58
True or false: In randomised controlled trials the patients recruited must be suitable for any of the treatments.
True
59
True or false: The state of having two identical alleles of a gene is called 'hemizygous'.
False
60
True or false: In order to diagnose a genetic disease by DNA analysis, you don't have to know what the mutation responsible is.
True
61
True or false: An unaffected child whose parents are both carriers of cystic fibrosis has a 25% chance of being a carrier.
False
62
True or false: Imaging: Gastrograffin can be given to outline the gastrointestinal tract.
True
63
True or false: Streptococcus pyogenes is an example of a Gram-negative bacillus.
False
64
True or false: Amantadine is widely used to treat hepatitis B infection.
False
65
True or false: Escherichia coli is an example of a Gram-negative bacillus.
True
66
True or false: Immunisation with modified toxin (toxoid) rather than the organism itself often gives effective protection against the disease.
True
67
True or false: Corticosteroid therapy may adversely affect wound healing.
True
68
True or false: There is no direct recognition of an amino-acid by its codon.
True
69
True or false: There are 64 possible codons.
True
70
True or false: Oncogenes regulate cell growth.
True
71
True or false: Oncogenes are normal genes in eukaryotic (animal) cells.
True
72
True or false: Ionised compounds rapidly pass through lipid membranes.
False
73
True or false: Renal impairment will increase the toxicity of gentamicin.
True
74
True or false: Huntington's disease has an autosomal dominant inheritance.
True
75
True or false: Most cystic fibrosis results from new mutations.
False
76
True or false: Aneuploidy is where part of one chromosome becomes joined incorrectly to part of another chromosome.
False
77
True or false: Most mutations have a visible effect on the phenotype.
False
78
True or false: Cells with well functioning MMR genes are most prone to accumulating errors.
False
79
True or false: SPECT is single proton excretion computed tomography.
False
80
True or false: An infection should ideally be treated with an antibiotic with high MIC for the causative organism.
False
81
True or false: Concerning diagnostic methods: ELISA (also called EIA) tests can be designed to measure antigen or antibody in serum.
True
82
True or false: Inflammation normally leads to neutropenia - reduced white cell count.
False
83
True or false: In genetics, when drawing a pedigree, a square is used for females and a circle is used for males.
False
84
True or false: One gene can be used as a blueprint for a number of different proteins due to alternative splicing
True
85
True or false: Genotype is the outward, physical manifestation of organism.
False
86
True or false: Skeletal muscle is a common site for metastatic carcinoma.
False
87
True or false: HNPCC is a heredity colorectal cancer syndrome where multiple adenomas are found.
False
88
True or false: Therapeutic drug monitoring is of value in the treatment of hypertension with atenolol.
False
89
True or false: In randomised controlled trials treatments are allocated randomly to patients.
True
90
True or false: X-linked alleles are passed from fathers to their daughters.
True
91
True or false: Individuals with one X chromosome but no Y chromosome are phenotypically female.
True
92
True or false: SPECT is routinely used for brain and cardiac studies.
True
93
True or false: Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an example of a Gram-positive coccus.
False
94
True or false: The complement fixation test detects killed virus in the patients blood.
False
95
True or false: Intravenous nystatin is indicated for the treatment of serious fungal infection.
False
96
True or false: The process of neutrophils squeezing between endothelial cells to extravascular tissues is called margination.
False
97
True or false: Pedigree charts: if the trait is recessive, every child that expresses the trait will have a parent that also expresses the trait.
False
98
True or false: Lightly-stained regions are heterochromatin.
False
99
True or false: Cytotoxic chemotherapy improves prognosis in breast cancer.
True
100
True or false: Evidence of malignancy in a tumour is suggested by nuclear pleomorphism.
True
101
True or false: Therapeutic trials are designed to show what are the disadvantages of a treatment.
True
102
True or false: The volume of distribution of a drug is decreased if the drug has high protein binding.
True
103
True or false: A missense mutation causes immediate termination of protein synthesis.
False
104
True or false: Restriction enzymes are used to diagnose genetic disease by analysing protein samples.
False
105
True or false: Recombination is more important than mutation in generating genetic diversity in humans.
True
106
True or false: Huntington's disease has an autosomal recessive inheritance.
False
107
True or false: Concerning contrast media: MR contrast media have a higher mass number than body tissues.
True
108
True or false: Concerning diagnostic methods: a single elevated IgG titre is generally acceptable as serological proof of infection.
False
109
True or false: All Staph aureus strains are sensitive to flucloxacillin.
False
110
True or false: Penicillin allergic patients may also be allergic to cephalosporins.
True
111
True or false: Metronidazole is widely used to treat anaerobic infection.
True
112
True or false: Nitric oxide (NO) causes smooth muscle constriction.
False
113
True or false: Introns are sequences of RNA that are removed before the RNA is translated into protein.
True
114
True or false: In a sample of double-stranded DNA, the amount of adenine equals that of guanine, and the amount of cytosine equals that of thymine.
False
115
True or false: Point mutations are more common than frame-shift mutations.
True
116
True or false:
| The lungs are a common site for metastatic carcinoma.
True
117
True or false: Evidence of malignancy in a tumour is suggested by invasion into adjacent blood vessels.
True
118
True or false:
| Therapeutic drug monitoring is of value in the treatment of refractory atrial fibrillation with digoxin.
True
119
True or false: The use of sublingual nitrate bypasses firstpass metabolism in the liver.
True
120
True or false: Drug interactions are most likely to occur in patients receiving large numbers of drugs.
True
121
True or false: The oral bioavailability of a drug may be altered by different drug formulation.
True
122
True or false: There are more than 50,000 genes in the human genome.
False
123
True or false: Non-random mating leads to increased mutant alleles, thereby increasing proportion of affected homozygotes.
True
124
True or false: CT imaging can be used to assess the local spread of cancer.
True
125
True or false: Vancomycin is only active against Gram +ve organisms.
True
126
True or false: The different outcomes of clinical infection or colonisation are determined solely by the micro-organisms virulence factors.
False
127
True or false: Sickle-cell haemoglobin arises from a frame-shift mutation.
False
128
True or false: Dominant alleles only show if the individual has two copies of the dominant allele.
False
129
True or false: Cytotoxic chemotherapy cures most people with advanced cancer.
False
130
True or false: In X-linked recessive inheritance, males are less likely than females to be affected.
False
131
True or false: Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an example of a Gram-negative bacillus.
False
132
True or false: Therapeutic trials are unethical.
False
133
True or false: Down's syndrome can be caused by a translocation.
True
134
True or false: For an autosomal dominant trait, an individual homozygous for the dominant allele has the same phenotype as a heterozygote.
True
135
True or false: Individuals with two X chromosomes and a Y chromosome are phenotypically male.
True
136
True or false: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: Allele frequencies change from generation to generation.
False
137
True or false: Physiological FDG uptake occurs in brain only.
False
138
True or false: Blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have their own normal bacterial flora.
False
139
True or false: Thrush is due to overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria during broad spectrum antibiotic therapy.
False
140
True or false: An organism which is sensitive to an antibiotic will always be killed by it.
False
141
True or false: Tuberculosis, leprosy and syphilis are all examples of infectious granulomatous diseases.
True
142
True or false: Humans have 23 autosome pairs and one pair of sex chromosomes.
False
143
True or false: In randomised controlled trials a non-significant result in a trial means that the treatment is ineffective.
False
144
True or false: The oral bioavailability of GTN is increased by sub-lingual administration.
True
145
True or false: The urinary excretion of a drug is determined solely by the glomerular filtration rate.
False
146
True or false: A trait caused by a single gene will show a normal distribution in a population.
False
147
True or false: Clinicians don't need to worry about the cell cycle.
False
148
True or false: If the frequency of an allele that causes an autosomal recessive genetic disease is 0.1, the frequency of affected individuals is 0.01.
True
149
True or false: Concerning the production of images: iodine131 is the most commonly used isotope for diagnostic purposes.
False
150
True or false: All bacteria have lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) in their cell walls.
False
151
True or false: Clostridium tetani is an example of a Gram-positive coccus.
False
152
True or false: Pasteurisation results in sterilisation of milk.
False
153
True or false: Crohn's disease is the name given to the chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland.
False
154
True or false: Y-linked conditions only occur in females.
False
155
True or false: In genetics, when drawing a pedigree, solid shading is normally used to represent healthy individuals.
False
156
True or false: Rotavirus is associated with human malignancy.
False
157
True or false: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: Allele frequencies remain constant generation to generation.
True
158
True or false: Radiation dose from a single CT abdomen is approximately the same as that of 10 chest X-rays.
False
159
True or false: Dry heat can be used to sterilise all equipment.
False
160
True or false: Concerning diagnostic methods: the detection of antigen in CSF by agglutination may be useful in the diagnosis of meningitis.
True
161
True or false: Ischaemia may adversely affect wound healing.
True
162
True or false: ‘Enhancers’ are mRNA sequences concerned with the control of expression of genetic information.
True
163
True or false: In genetics, when drawing a pedigree, a diagonal line through a symbol means a person is deceased.
True
164
True or false: Cytotoxic chemotherapy always causes hair loss.
False
