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Question 1

Describe claspers in sharks

Answer 1

Are ropes of cartilage that become stiffened with calcium in the adult. Males have paired tested, the right one more developed than the left, which even may be absent.

Question 2

Describe the cloacal opening

Answer 2

Females have no claspers but a cloacal opening (as go the males) between the pelvic fins. The ovaries are paired, but the left side is often reduced and releases very few or no eggs

Question 3

What were the first lineage to evolve jointed fins?

Answer 3

Lobe-finned fish

Question 4

There is a good chance that the gulping of water did not occur due to buoyancy but for what?

Answer 4

To cope with reduced oxygen levels in the water

Question 5

What did the proto-tetrapod evolved from?

Answer 5

A Sarcopterygian (with lungfish as closest extant relatives)

Question 6

Larvae that develop in streams tend to be more what?

Answer 6

More streamline and tend to have the gills at the side

Question 7

What is the cranium?

Answer 7

An outer shell that supports and protects the brain (common feature of vertebrates)

Question 8

Where are the ampullae of Lorenzini found?

Answer 8

Around the head/ around the snout

Question 9

What do the ampullae of lorenzini appear as?

Answer 9

Dark spots

Question 10

What are ‘pit organs’?

Answer 10

Surface neuromasts

Question 11

How is the lateral line open to the environment?

Answer 11

Via a series of openings called lateral line pores

Question 12

In what animals has the external opening into the inner ear been lost?

Answer 12

In bony fish and tetrapods

Question 13

By January 2014, 1041 of all Chondrichthyes species had been evaluated at a global scale, what percent of species are categorised as be safe, or of “least concern”?

Answer 13

23 percent of the species are categorised as being safe, or of “least concern” (so 77 percent of elasmobranchs are considered threatened to some extent)

Question 14

What is the estimated number of sharks killed each year due to commercial and recreational fishing?

Answer 14

40-100 million

Question 15

Teleosts account for what percent of all living fishes?

Answer 15

96 percent

Question 16

In penguins why is lift not so important but forward motion is?

Answer 16

Lift is not so important because is it not needed for elevation as they are supported by the fluid. However, forward trust is to move through the water

Question 17

In Humbolt penguins what percentage of the forward thrust is generated by the upstroke?

Answer 17

63%

Question 18

What are the percentages of wing asymmetry in hovering birds lift in the downstroke and upstroke?

Answer 18

Wing asymmetry, 75% lift in downstroke, 25% upstroke

Question 19

What does the supracoracoideus facilitate in hovering?

Answer 19

Facilitated rapid recovery

Question 20

Why are there a lot of secondary feathers in birds with high aspect ratio wings?

Answer 20

Because they provide a lift generating function in soaring flight

Question 21

What are secondary feathers inserted over?

Answer 21

The ulna

Question 22

What do strap or strip-like tail feathers resemble?

Answer 22

Both reptilian scales and modern feathers

Question 23

What is evolutionary model for the strap or strip-like feathers the early stages of feathers evolution?

Answer 23

1. Elongation if scales (on the epidermis)
2. Appearance of central shaft (to keep it fairly rigid)
3. Differentiation of vanes into barbs
4. Appearance of barbules and barbicels

Question 24

Which group of vertebrates has the highest metabolic rate?

Answer 24

Passerines (and almonds birds 50-60% higher than equivalent size non-passerines

Question 25

Unlike mammals, birds function well at high latitude. What is this a of?

Answer 25

From an efficient respiratory system

Question 26

Describe the lungs in avians

Answer 26

Compact and virtually inexpandible*- continuously and unidirectionally ventilated

Question 27

What are the terminal gas-exchange components in avian lungs?

Answer 27

Air capillaries- blind ending tubules

Question 28

What are the two types of parabronchi called? How are they different?

Answer 28

. Paleopulmonic parabronchi- unidirectional flow (more basal birds)
. Neopulmonic parabronchi- bidirectional flow (20% in some parsserines)

Question 29

output of oxygenated blood from the heart: Legs get 3 tines the (direct) output of the pectoral muscles, and twice that of the brain, mainly for the purpose of what?

Answer 29

Heat dissipation

Question 30

In pigeons what produces a nutritious fluid called pigeon milk which is used to feed the nestlings?

Answer 30

The oesophagus

Question 31

What is the proventriculus in avians?

Answer 31

An anterior glandular portion of the stomach that secretes peptic enzymes and maintaining an acidic environment

Question 32

What is the gizzard in avians?

Answer 32

A posterior muscle of the stomach that is used for grinding food

Question 33

What can the gizzard of avians contain?

Answer 33

A keratinised later for grinding food

Question 34

What are synapomorphies?

Answer 34

Shared derived character states