Meiji Restoration Midterm 2

Question 1

Modernity

Answer 1

technology, multiple transitions, Industrial economies
Increase in strength of the gov. driven by technology+transition population concentration
new economic systems, organizations, ways of living
Reject tradition , rationalization and professionalization

Question 2

Rise of the Tokugawa In Japan

Answer 2

Japan not entirely isolated, increasingly integrated into Asian markets in the early modern period able to regulate foreign contact through Tokugawa and geography

Question 3

Influence of the Emperor+ Ruling Families
Who is he aligned with
Before and After Tokugawa

Answer 3

Influence of Emperor based out of imperial court in Kyoto. Rarely extend out of palace walls. Controls everything in theory but is a figurehead in reality.
In countryside, Regional Ruling families (Daimyos) employ private armies of samurai-further civil unrest
Emperor is aligned with Tokugawa because they have the strongest military

Question 4

Tokugawa Establishment Tipping Point

Answer 4

March 24th 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu defeats all war lords. Either eradicates or pacifies rival samurai and Daimyo’s.
Emperor retains ceremonial functions, Ieyasu and his heirs rule Japan for next 250 years
Chosu, Tosa and Satsuma cast out of imperial palace for opposing Tokugawa
Castle moved to Edo

Question 5

*****Warrior Clans Opposing Tokugawa

Answer 5

Choshu, Tosa, Satsuma- shogun families. last 3 major clans left and in the 16th-17th century consolidate power
Outer Daimyo, political marginalization

Question 6

China vs Britain

Answer 6

1793 cultural misunderstanding, British cannot change the trade dynamic
Opium wars, UK vs Qing Dynasty 1839 over trade
“force” China open in a colonial sense

Question 7

Unequal Treaties

Answer 7

advantage for imperial powers
granted extraterritoriality: law of the colony does not apply to foreigners.
Treaty of Nanking first unequal treaty

Question 8

Barbarian

Answer 8

= Any foreigner

Question 9

Japanese Trade

and Reactions To West

Answer 9

Still trading with China and Korea , can see the Western influence
Contact with Dutch traders
Initially foreigners are welcome so Japanese can acquire guns.
Missionaries scare Tokugawa Shogunite, scared of invasion
1609- end of formal trade contacts with West except for Dutch
1614- expel all missionaries

Question 10

Importance of Nagasaki

Answer 10

Fuel depot for ships travelling to San Francisco

Question 11

Japan Under Tokugawan Rule

Answer 11

Prolonged peace and prosperity because there is no ore fighting between war lords.
They rule through a central bureaucracy and feudal alliances.

Question 12

Education

Answer 12

18th century, education allows more Western influence. books are translated from English to Japanese
Enlightenment Era

Question 13

“Opening Of Japan”

Only Foreign Contact Prior

Answer 13

Commodore Perry from US July 1853
Edo Bay, attempt to shock Japan into submission
Only foreign contact prior to this was Nagasaki
Arrival of black ships, demand meeting with Tokugawa and Shogun to get open ports.
Tokugawa shocked, don’t know what to do, tell them they will decide in a year
(don’t have a navy)

Question 14

HMS NEMESIS

Answer 14

British steamboat equipped with modern artillery sweeps coastal cities resulting in the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing which opened ports along South China

Question 15

Modernity In Japan

Answer 15

Increasing interconnections, see’s Chinese instability . Integration and the importance of world markets

Question 16

li Naosuke

Answer 16

proposes using Dutch relations to buy time to rebuild military.
Play one barbarian off the other
Samurai bored, nothing to do thanks to rule of Tokugawa

Question 17

Treaty of Kanagawa

Answer 17

1854- open up to west specifically US

Question 18

Harris Treaty

Samurai+Daimyo reaction

Answer 18

4 new trading ports, establishes American trade relations and grants Americans extraterritoriality.
As soon as America opens door, everybody wants in
Violence against Shogunate and foreigners living in port cities
Samurai unhappy at accommodation, want to fight
Enables Outer Daimyo to organize against the shogun

Question 19

Shogun

Answer 19

military leader

Question 20

Inner vs Outer Daimyo

Answer 20

Imperialist Faction= Outer. Chosu, Tosa, Satsuma blame Tokugawa Shogun for letting foreigners in and not fulfilling their security duties
Inner Daimyo and Tokugawa Shogun are within palace walls. Return political power to emperor preemptively
Harris Treaty- signifies Shogunate failure

Question 21

Escalation of Violence in Politics

Answer 21

1859-1868

Question 22

Loyalist vs Tokugawa

Answer 22

June 25th 1863 Loyalists assume Tokugawa will expel all foreigners
Tokugawa are actually beginning negotiations with foreigners on that date.
Loyalists- name of the emperor, restore power to him
1863-1865 clear that any gov must include prominent emperor, no longer ceremonial

Question 23

Sankin-Kotai

Answer 23

feudal lords had to divide time between imperial court and fief. ensured no one would become to powerful

Question 24

Bunkyu Reforms

Answer 24

1862 military reform and political realignment. abolish sankin-kotai
developing navy and incresing purchases of western weapons and customs
not substantial or comprehensive enough to be effective
NEED $$$
resistance from samurai

Question 25

Treaty Port Deadlines

Answer 25

1859- 4 treaty ports | 1863- 4 more ports

Question 26

Sonno Joi

Answer 26

Honour the Emperor, expel the Barbarian

Question 27

Result of 1863 Misunderstanding between Loyalists and Tokugawa

Answer 27

Loyalists fire on all foreign vessels entering ports | American ships destroy forts

Question 28

Struggle Between Regional Powers

Answer 28

SW Japan- Satsuma and Choshu embrace Western Military styles and acquire Western technology Chosu extreme desire to expel foreigners Satsuma not as extreme due to alignment with French and technology

Question 29

Choshu vs Tokugawa

Answer 29

June 1863- angry that Tokugawa won't close treaty ports. Sept 1864- hatch a plan to kidnap the emperor, assumed they set Kyoto on fire. Imperial court orders retaliation. 1864 Punitive Expidition

Question 30

Saigo Takamori

Answer 30

Satsuma leader. Joins expedition but doesn't actually fight. 1864 negotiate alliance with Choshu to assure their survival. Chosu see Satsuma offering a way to acquire western technology. Powerful outer Daimyo

Question 31

2nd Expedition

Answer 31

against Choshu by Tokugawa. Sustain a military defeat. | Nov 1867 Tokugawa step down but are still powerful

Question 32

Boshin War

Answer 32

1867-1868 | Coup Jan 3rd 1868, brief contest by Tokugawa but defeated by Satsuma and Choshu

Question 33

Meiji Restoration

Answer 33

1868-1912 Emperor Mutsuhito Shift between old ruling classes Tokugawa briefly resist but are defeated Based on support from SW provines. Fill all important positions, not clear it will survive Goal: rebirth Japan along Western lines. End of shogunate and path for future reform Emperor to Edo REVOLUTION FROM ABOVE

Question 34

Charter Oath

Answer 34

``` April 1868, abolishes the samurai class and paves way from continued borrowing from the west Aimed to demilitarize and appeal to custom with a new spin- give up power to the emperor ```

Question 35

Feudal Structure

Answer 35

Abolished in 1871, all lands go to emperor no set plan, lots of trial and error ultimate goal, strong state

Question 36

Japan in 1890's

Answer 36

select borrowing of best instiutions and customs from West | strong imperial and regional power due to the industrial revolution and centralization of government