Memmler Chapter 3 (Cells and Their Functions)

Question 1

Cytology

Answer 1

The Study of Cells

Question 2

Microscope

Answer 2

Magnifying instrument that allowed them for the first time to examine structures not visible to the naked eye.

Question 3

Compound Light Microscope

Answer 3

Most commonly used in laboratories. Can magnify an object up to 1,000 times.

Question 4

Transmission Electron Microscope

Answer 4

Uses an electron beam in place of visible light. Can magnify up to 1 million times.

Question 5

Scanning Electron Microscope

Answer 5

Does not magnifiy as much as the TEM but provides 3 dimension view of an object.

Question 6

Plasma Membrane

Answer 6

Outer layer of the cell- encloses the cells contents but also participates in many cellular activiites such as growth, reporodcution, and communication between cells.

Question 7

Channels (Protein)

Answer 7

Pores in the membrane that allow passage of specific substances, such as ions.

Question 8

Transporters (Protein)

Answer 8

Proteins that change shape as they shuttle substances, such as glucose, across the membrane.

Question 9

Receptors (Protein)

Answer 9

Allow for attachment of substances such as hormones, to the membrane

Question 10

Enzymes (Protein)

Answer 10

Participate in reactions at the membrane surface

Question 11

Linkers (Protein)

Answer 11

Help stabilize the plasma membrane and attach cells together

Question 12

Cell Identity Markers (Protein)

Answer 12

Proteins unique to a person’s cells; important in the immune system and in transplantation of tissue from one person to another.

Question 13

Nucleus

Answer 13

Control Center of the cell because it contains the chromosomes

Question 14

Chromosomes

Answer 14

Threadlike structures of heredity that are passed on from parents to their children

Question 15

Nucleolus

Answer 15

Little Nucleus. Job of the nucleolus is to assemble ribosomes, small bodies outside the nucleus that are involved in the manufacture of proteins.

Question 16

Cytoplasm

Answer 16

Material that fills the cell from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane.

Question 17

Cytosol

Answer 17

Liquid part of the cytoplasm

Question 18

Endopolasmic Reticulum (ER)

Answer 18

Two parts : Rough and smooth. Is involved with the synthesis of lipids.

Question 19

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 19

A large organelle consisting of a stack of membranous sacs.

Question 20

Mitochondria

Answer 20

Enzymes within the mitochondria convert the energy from nutrients into cellular energy in the form of ATP

Question 21

Lysosomes

Answer 21

Contain digestive enzymes. Remove waste and foreign materials from the cells. (the cells digestive system)

Question 22

Cilia

Answer 22

Small hairlike projections that wave creating movement of the fluids around the cell.

Question 23

Flagellum

Answer 23

Whiplike extension from a cell.

Question 24

Diffusion

Answer 24

Is the net movement of particles from a region of relatively higher concentration to one of lower concentration.

Question 25

Osmosis

Answer 25

Is a special type of diffusion. The term applies specifically to the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane.

Question 26

Filtration

Answer 26

the passage of water and dissolved materials through a membrane down a pressure gradient from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure

Question 27

Active Transport

Answer 27

Usually refers to the movmeent of slutes against their concentration gradients using membrane transporters

Question 28

Bulk Transport

Answer 28

Active methods for moving large quantities of material into or out of the cell

Question 29

Isotonic

Answer 29

Has the same concentration of dissolved substances as fluid in the cell

Question 30

Hypotonic

Answer 30

Has a lower concentration of dissolved substances than the fluid in the cell

Question 31

Hypertonic

Answer 31

Has a higher concentration of dissolved substances than the fluid in the cell

Question 32

DNA

Answer 32

composed of subunits called nucleotides

Question 33

Prophase

Answer 33

Each replicated chromosome winds up tightly and separates from the other replicated chromosomes.

Question 34

Metaphase

Answer 34

The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell attached to the spindle fibers

Question 35

Anaphase

Answer 35

The centromere splits, and the replicated chromosomes separate and begin to move toward the opposite ends of the cell

Question 36

Telophase

Answer 36

A membrane appears around each group of separated chromosomes, forming 2 new nuclei