Memo Flashcards
(229 cards)
1
Q
functions of cell
A
absorption, respiration, secretion, excretion, sensation, conduction, contraction, movement, growth and reproduction.
2
Q
where is mitochondria most active
A
liver cells
3
Q
how do mitochondria reproduce
A
simple division
4
Q
When abundant at LM, they cause
A
cytoplasmic .
acidophilia
5
Q
how long is mitochondria
A
0.5-1 micro m in diameter
and 10 micro m in length.
6
Q
The pinocytic vesicle usually fuses with ______for digestion of its contents
A
lysosome
7
Q
Example of pinocytosis
A
pinocytosis of colloid in thyroid follicular cell
8
Q
Receptor mediated endocytosis have proteins called _______that form a _______
A
clathrin, coated pit
9
Q
Example of receptor mediated endocytosis
A
uptake of protein hormones such as GH.
10
Q
Exocytosis affects the continuity of the cell membrane?
A
No
11
Q
Mitochondria membranous or nonmembranous ?
A
membranous
12
Q
How do mitochondria multiply?
A
simple division
13
Q
Mitochondria is found lots in
A
More active cells like liver
14
Q
In LM, when mitochondria are abundant they cause _______
A
Cytoplasmic acidophillia
15
Q
In LM, Mitochondria appear as
A
rods or granules
16
Q
Length of mitochondria, diameter
A
10 micrometers, 0.5 micrometers
17
Q
Outer membrane of the mitochondria is _______ in texture, contains transmembrane proteins called ______and is permeable to ______ (size) molecules
A
smooth
Porins
Small
18
Q
The inner membrane of the mitochondria is _______, It has folds that go into the matrix called ______—->their number corresponds to their _________. They contain a protein complex called _______.
A
Selective
Cristae
Energy needs
ATP synthase
19
Q
the mitochondria matrix is composed of
A
Oxidative enzymes of Krebs cycle
DNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
Electron dense granules rich in Ca+2
20
Q
Functions of mitochondria
A
Cell respiration
Obtaining energy from Krebs cycle metabolites
Energy storage as ATP or release as heat.
21
Q
Difference between sER and rER
A
Rough has ribosomes on surface while smooth doesn’t
22
Q
rER sites
A
Plasma cell
Blast cells
Pancreatic cells
23
Q
sER sites
A
Lipid forming cells like liver
24
Q
rER under LM appears
A
basophilia
25
sER under LM is
Acidophilia when abundant
26
under EM sER is
anastomosing tubular cisternae with no ribosome
27
rER under EM
parallel flattened cisternae covered in polyribosomes
28
Functions of rER
Protein synthesis
Segregation of formed proteins
Glycosylation of some proteins
Packing of formed proteins in membranous vesicles
29
Functions of sER
Phospholipid synthesis
Steroid hormone synthesis
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose in liver cells
Detox of drugs
Ca+ release during muscle contraction
30
Malfunction of rER in bone cell causes
weak bones
31
Underdevelopment of sER in liver cell causes
jaundice in newborn
32
Golgi apparatus site
secretory cells
33
LM golgi
Does not appear in H & E stain, negative golgi. with silver stain it appears as brown granules
34
Apical meaning
between nucleus and pole of the cell
35
Perinuclear golgi meaning
completely surrounds the nucleus
36
Golgi in EM appears as
3-10 parallel flattened saccules
Cis face: recieves transfer vesicles from rER
Trans face: secretory vesicles or lysosomes come out from here
37
Functions of Golgi apparatus
Packing and storage of proteins
Chemical modification of proteins and lipids by adding carbs
Formation of secretory vesicles and lysosomes
Discharge of secretory products in secretory vesicles
Renewal and maintenance of cell by providing integral proteins
38
Functions of lysosomes
Digest nutrients and phagocytose bacteria
Maintain cell heath by removing of nonfunctional organelles
Digestion of whole cell after death
Helps sperm penetrate egg
Activation of thyroid hormones
39
Origin of lysosomes
synthesized in rER, carried to Golgi apparatus and comes out as lysosome
40
Lysosomes hydrolytic enzymes
Phospholipase
Acid phosphatase
Nuclease
Sulfatase
41
Peroxisomes origin
membranous vesicles that bud off rER
42
peroxisomes abundant in
liver and kidney
43
peroxisome diameter
0.5 micrometers
44
Functions of peroxisomes
Beta oxidation of long chain fatty acids by oxidases
Oxidases are important in liver cell detox
45
Ribosomes origin is
rRNA is formed of nucleolus while the protein is formed in the cytoplasm.
46
Ribosomes abundant in
protein synthesizing cells
47
ribosome in LM causes
basophilia (local, diffuse or localized)
48
the ribosome if formed of _________
2 subunits, small and large
49
(mRNA) carries the _________ for the _______ of amino
acids for protein synthesis. tRNA picks up the _______ and transports them to ribosome (rRNA) forming polypeptide chain that extends down the groove and is injected into the ______ of rER.
infromation
sequence
specific AA
lumen
50
Functions of free ribosomes
form proteins used within the cell
51
Functions of attached ribosomes
form proteins secreted by the cell
52
Define cytoskeleton
its a complex network of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments together with some protein linking them up to each other and the membrane forming a frame network called micro trabecular lattice.
53
Microtubules structure and diameter
long, hollow cylindricals length varies according to polymerization. diameter is 24nm
54
Protein subunit of microtubules and relative stability
Alpha and beta tubulin, stable in axoneme, dynamic in cells that constantly change in shape
55
Location of microtubules
MTOC and cilia
56
Functions of microtubules
keeps shape of cell and helps it elongate
Intracellular transport
Mitotic spindle during division
Formation of centrioles, cilia and flagella
57
Microfilaments structure and diameter
Fine strands of 2 chains of G actin coiled around each other.
5 nm
58
Microfilaments protein subunit and relative stability
G actin
Dynamic
59
Location of microfilaments
Beneath cell membrane,
Microvilli
60
Functions of microfilaments
Cell shape changes such as endocytosis, exocytosis
Intracellular transport of vesicles/organelles
Cleavage of cell during division
Formation of microvilli core to keep their shape
Muscular contraction
61
intermediate filaments structure and diameter
filaments formed by polymerization of tetrameric subunits that differ chemically
8 nm
62
Protein subunits of intermediate filaments and stability
various rod like proteins
| Stable
63
Location of intermediate filaments
desmosomes, nuclear envelope
64
Intermediate filaments fucntions
Support cytokeratin in epithelial cell, nails and hair
support vimentin in connective tissue and muscles
support desmin in muscle cell
Support neurofilaments in neurons
Support of glial cell
Support of lamins in nuclear envelope
65
Centrioles can be demonstrated with __________stain
iron hematoxylin
66
EM of centriole
The wall of each cylinder is formed of 9 bundles
of MT, each bundle is formed of 3 MTs (triplets).
So, the wall of the centriole is formed of 9 x 3 = 27
MTs. (A,B,C)
67
Functions of centriole
Formation of mitotic spindle
Shares formation of cilia and flagella
68
Cilia origin
centrioles duplicate thousands of times to form cilia
69
EM cilia
basal body: embedded in cytoplasm and is a single centriole formed of 27 microtubules in 9 triplets.
Shaft: finger like projection, has 9 peripheral doublets and 2 singlet microtubules
Rootlets: formed by growth of microtubule C. fix basal body to cytoplasm.
70
Function of cilia
Moves particles or secretions in one direction
Can modify and act as receptors of retina
71
Flagella structure EM
nine peripheral doublets and 2 central singlets (very long)
72
Carbs LM
H & E: vacuole dissolves
Best carmine: red granules
PAS: magenta red granules
73
Fat found in
liver
74
Fat LM
H & E: dissolves in preparation
Sudan III: appears orange globule
75
What are pigments
Colored particles either produced by the cells or taken from
outside.
76
types of pigment
1- Endogenous:
a- Hemoglobin (Hb): in RBCs, carries gases (O2& CO2).
b- Melanin: in skin, to give its color & protects from ultraviolet rays,
c- Lipofuscin: in cardiac muscle & nerve cells. They are waste products which accumulate with age.
2- Exogenous
a- Carbon and Dust particles: in dust cells of lung.
b- Carotene pigments: in carrots.
c- Tattoo marks: certain dyes are injected under the skin & taken by phagocytic cells.
77
What is the largest component of all cells
Nucleus
78
Number of nucleus
mostly mononucleated
some are binucleated like liver
Some are multinucleated like skeletal muscles
79
dye for nucleus
H & E
80
nucleus appears pale stained in
active cells like nerve and liver
81
Nucleus appears darkly stained in
inactive cells like lymphocytes
82
Nucleus consists of
1- Nuclear membrane (Envelope).
2- Chromatin material.
3- Nucleolus.
4- Nuclear sap.
83
In EM the nuclear membrane is __________ membrane formed of two parallel unit membranes separated
by a ___________and interrupted at intervals by __________
Double walled
perinuclear space (30-50 nm)
nuclear pores
84
Outer nuclear membrane is
rough and granular
85
Inner nuclear membrane is
fibrillar because of nuclear lamina that support the nuclear membrane
86
Nuclear pore complexes def. and function
Are circular openings at intervals, where inner and
outer membranes fuse.
Function: Transport of proteins to the nucleus & export of RNA & ribosomal subunits
87
Functions of chromatin
1- Carries genetic information.
2- Formation of RNA (mRNA, rRNA& tRNA).
3- Directs & controls protein synthesis.
88
Nucleolus is ______- in LM
Basophilic
89
Nucleolus is ________in appearance in EM
spongy
90
Functions of nucleolus
formation of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal subunits
91
Nuclear Sap is formed of
nucleoproteins, enzymes, sugars, calcium, potassium
92
functions of nuclear sap
Provides a medium for transport of RNA
93
Functions of the Nucleus
1- Carries all the genetic information and hereditary factors.
2- Controls all the cell functions including protein synthesis.
3- Responsible for the formation of RNA.
4- Directs cell division.
94
Membranous organelles list
cell membrane, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes
95
Nonmembranous organelles list
filaments, microtubules, and centrioles.
96
Muscular and concective tissue have __________origin while nervous tissue has __________origin
mesodermal, ectodermal
97
Origin of skin, serous memebranes and GIT?
Ectodermal
Mesodermal
Endodermal
98
Simple squamous function and sites
Function: smooth surface for passage of liquid or gas exchange
Locations: blood vessels (endothelium), alveoli (pneuocyte), serous membranous and bowman's capsule
99
Simple cubical epithelium function and site
Secretion and reabsorption
Site: Salivary glands, thyroid glands, kidney tubules
100
simple columnar epithelium functions and sites
Function: Secretion and absorption
Site: stomach, small and large intestine, pancreatic duct, gall bladder
101
Simple columnar ciliated epithelium functions and site
Functions: transport fluid and particles
Sites: Lower part of respiratory tract, fallopian tubes
102
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium types
Pseudostratified columnar non-ciliated epithelium
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated with motile cilia & goblet cells
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated with non-motile cilia (stereocilia):
103
Pseudostratified columnar non-ciliated epithelium site
Vas deferens
104
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated with motile cilia & goblet cells site
upper respiratory tract
105
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated with non-motile cilia (stereocilia) site
Epididymis
106
Stratified epithelium types and function
1- Stratified squamous epithelium.
3- Transitional epithelium [stratified cuboidal].
4- Stratified columnar epithelium.
5- Stratified cubical epithelium.
function: stratified epithelium
107
Stratified squamous epithelium layer, basement membrane shape, and sites, function
5-30 layers
Clear and wavy
Kreatinized: epidermis of skin
Non-kretanized: Vagina, anus, esophagus
Protection
108
Transitional epithelium layer numbers, shape, sites and function
6-8 (empty bladder) 3-4 (full bladder)
Non clear non wavy
lines urinary tract, urothelium
Protection against cytotoxic effect of urine
109
Stratified cubical epithelium location
ducts of sweat glands
110
Stratified columnar non-ciliated epithelium site
recto-anal
| large ducts of glands
111
Exocrine glands have two portions ____________ and _________, example is :___________
Secretory portion
Execratory portion
Salivary glands
112
Endocrine glands are _________, formed of only ________cells. Example is _______
ductless glands
Secretory
Thyroid
113
mixed gland example
pancreas
114
neuro epithelium is
It is a special type of epithelium, which acts as a receptor and receives stimuli for sensation. It consists of two types of cells sensory cells which receive sensation and supporting cells for support.
115
neuroepithelium site and fucntion
1- Taste buds: In tongue for taste sensation.
| 2- Organ of Corti: In ear for hearing.
116
Myo-epithelium is
It is a special type of epithelium, which is modified to contract.
117
myo-epithelium site and function
present in base of secretory cells, squeeze them to discharge secretion
118
Stereocilia are_______________. their function is
Not true cilia but long microvilli
help absorption in epididymis
119
Microvilli function
increase SA for absorption in intestine
120
Zonula occludens is ____________. it function is
Fuses to cell membranes at certain points
restrict passage of substances between adjacent cells
121
Zonula adherens length is _______. It s function is
15-20 nm of intracellular space
provide lateral adhesion between epithelial cells
122
Macula adherens (desmosomes) length is__________. its function is
wide intracellular space of 30nm depended on Ca+2. Does not encircle the cells
Function: strongest type of junction, to keep together cells that face friction
123
junctional complex are___________location is
includes three types of junctions
Simple columnar cells in small intestine
124
Gap junction AKA (Nexus) communicating junction length is, the function is
3nm tubes, formed of connexons
Function: permit ion and small molecule exchange between epitheliums and passage of muscle impulses
125
Hemidesmosomes function is
Fix epithelium to underlying basement membrane and connective tissue.
126
Basement membrane is
dense layer located next to basal surface of epithelial cell
127
Basement membrane has two layes
basal lamina: epithelial component
Reticular lamina: CT component
128
Functions of basement memebrane
fix epithelium to CT
| Control passage of nutrients and ions
129
Basal infoldings are_____________. They are found in_______
The basal surface of cell membrane shows
invaginations separated by vertically arranged
mitochondria to provide the energy required
for active transport.
Kidney tubules
130
CT originates ___________
mesodermally, middle germ layer
131
CT is penetrated by
blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves
132
functions of CT
1. Provides structural support to tissues and organs.
2. Serves as medium for exchange of metabolic wastes, nutrients and oxygen between blood and body cells.
3. Site of fat
4. Aids in defense and protection of the body by their phagocytic and immunocompetent cells.
133
Connective tissue matrix types
Soft: CT proper
Rubbery: Cartilage
Solid: Bone
Fluid: Blood
134
CT proper cell types
fixed (long lived): UMC, pericyte, fibroblast, fat cell, fixed macrophage, reticular cell
Free short (lived): Plasma cell, mast cell, free macrophage, leukocytes
135
UMC (undifferentiated mesenchymal cell) site, LM, EM, function
stem cells in embryo, becomes blood cells from bone marrow in adults
Small branched, basophilic
Many free ribosomes, few organelles
Can convert into other CT, blood cells, smooth muscle
136
Pericyte (perivascular cell) origin, site, LM, EM, function
UMC
Around blood capillaries
Long branches, pale basophilic
any free ribosomes, few organelles
An adult mesenchymal stem so can differentiate into smooth muscles, fibroblast and endothelial cells
Vasocontraction
137
Fibroblasts origin, and site
UMC and pericytes
Most common type, found in almost all CT proper
138
Active Fibroblast LM, EM and functions
branched with long thin processes, deep basophilic, large nucleus
Well developed rER, golgi appartus and many mitochondria
Synthesis of CT fibers, Synthesis of ground substance, Production of growth factors and healing and repair of CT
139
Old fibroblast LM, EM and functions
pale basophilic, small nucleus
Few organelles
Heals wounds, maintains CT
140
Adipose cell origin
UMC
141
Unilocular adipose cell site LM, EM and functions
Site: white adipose CT
Large, signet ring with peripheral nucleus
Abundant sER, few mitochondria
Synthesis, storage of fat, support kidney, heat insulation, endocrine functions
142
Multilocular adipose cell site, LM, EM and functions
Brown adipose CT
NO signet ring appearance, fat is droplets
Less sER, many mitochondria
Thermogenesis: breakdown fat to release thermogenin protein
143
Reticular cell origin, site, LM, functions
UMC
Spleen, lymph node, endocrine gland
Stellate, basophilic
Secretion of reticular fibers, supportive network of reticular fibers, turns phagocytic, antigen presenting cell to activate lymphocyte
144
monocyte origin, site, LM, EM, functions
fixed in CT, free in lymphoid tissue, bone marrow
Pale basophilic, kidney shaped nucleus
rich in lysosomes, few sER
Phagocytosis of foreign bodies, destruction of old RBCs, antigen present to activate lymphocyte, produce enzymes for defense.
145
Mast cell origin, site, LM, EM, Functions
UMC
loose CT around blood and epithelium
large oval
Electron-dense membrane bound granules
secretes: Heparin, histamine, leukotrienes, eosinophil factor
146
Plasma site, site, LM, EM and functions
```
B-lymphocyte
lots in lymphoid tissue
clock face appearance
no secretory granules
Synthesis and secretion of antibodies
```
147
Functions of extracellular matrix
Medium for transfer of nutrients between CT and blood
Physical barrier for microorganism
148
Three fibers of CT
collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers
149
Collagen fibers structure, synthesis, LM, characters, functions
collagen protein
Chondroblast and osteoblast
wavy branching bundles formed of non branching fibers
Strong, resist stretching
Gives strength and resist stretching
150
Elastic fibers structure, synthesis, LM, characters, functions
```
Elastin protein
Chondroblasts and smooth muscle
Single, thin and branching
Stretch and recoil=elastic
Give elasticity
```
151
Reticular fibers structures, synthesis, LM, characters, function
```
Type 3 collagen
Reticular cells and smooth muscle cells
Fine fibrillar network
Lose flexible
Form a flexible network in the stroma of organs.
```
152
Vitamin c is due to
defective collagen synthesis
153
Keloid is caused by
increased deposition of collagen in scar of skin
154
Type I are _________, main sites and cell origin
Bundles
CT proper, tendon, bone
Fibroblast osteoblast
155
Type II are _________, main site and cell of origins
Fibrils
Cartilage
Chondroblast
156
Type III ________, main site and cells of origin
Reticular fibers
Stroma of organs
Fibroblast, reticular cell, smooth muscle
157
Type IV ________, main site and cells of origin
Granular
Basal lamina
Epithelial cells
158
Type VII ___________, main site cells of origin
Anchoring fibers
Dermal-epidermal junction
Fibroblast
159
Types of CT proper (6)
Loose: Loose areolar CT, Adipose CT, reticular CT, Mucoid CT
Dense: white fibrous CT, Yellow elastic CT
160
__________CT is the most common type
Loose areolar
161
Loose areolar CT, cell structure, fibers matrix, characteristics, sites, function
All types of CT cells
Most abundant matrix
Flexible and well-vascularized
Found everywhere except the brain
Exchanging nutrients, binding structures together, limiting spread of infection
162
white adipose CT characters, sites, functions
fat cells uniocular, less vascularity affected by diet
Mammary gland, around kidney, under skin
Heat insulation, storage of fate, secretion of leptin
163
Brown adipose CT characteristics, sites, functions
fat cells are multilocular, high vascularity
Present in newborns and fetals, found in axillary region in adults
Heat generation (thermogenesis)
164
Reticular CT fibers, matrix, characters, site, function
Fine network of reticular fibers
Moderate amount
Delicate type
Stroma of organs
Supportive
165
Mucoid CT fibres, matrix, characters, sites and functions
Fine collagen and reticular fibers
Jelly like ground substance
Jelly-like
Umbilical cord
Supportive
166
White fibrous CT cells, fibers matrix and characteristics
Fibroblast
Collagen fibers
Poor vascularity
Resistant and less flexible while being very dense
167
Yellow elastic CT cells, fibers and characteristics
Fibroblast
Regular parallel elastic fibers
Great elastic power
168
Yellow Elastic CT sites, function
Aorta, trachae, bronchi, ligaments
Has great elastic power
169
regular white fibrous CT sites, function
Tendons
Wistand stretch in one direction
170
Irregular white fibrous CT site, functions
Reticular layer of dermis, capsule of organs
Whistand stretch in different directions
171
RBC diameter and thickness
7. 5 micrometer
| 2. 2 micrometer
172
In blood film leishman, RBC are
acidophilic
173
The glycocalyx of RBC contains
antigen sites
174
Life span of RBCs
120 days
175
Life span of RBCs
120 days
176
Life span of RBCs
120 days
177
Life span of RBCs is
120 days
178
If RBC is placed in hypertonic solution ____________occurs
If RBC is placed in hypotonic solution____________occurs
Crenation
Hemolysis
179
Average # of RBCs in adult male
Average # of RBC in adult female
5-5.5 million
4.5-5 million
180
Anemia is the decreased number of RBCs below
4 million
181
Pernicious anemia is due to
Vitamin B12
182
Aplastic anemia is caused by
destruction of the bone marrow
183
Polycythemia has RBCs above
6 million
184
Three adaptation of RBCs to perform their functions
Plasmalemma: flexible, highly selective lipoprotein
Shape: Biconcave, rounded edges so it can pass through arteries
Content: No nuclei or organelles and contains Hb reductase and carbonic anhydrase
185
Thrombocytes origin is
megakaryoccyte
186
thrombocyte amount
200,000-400,000
187
thrombocyte diameter
2-4 micrometer
188
Dense granules in platelets contains
Alpha granules: contain clotting factors
Delta granules: contain serotonin, ATP & ADP
Lambda granules: lysosomes for clot removal
189
Purpura is
thrombocytopenia
190
Thrombocytopenia is less than
50 000 platelets
191
Leucocytes are
WBCs
192
Leukocytes number
4000-11000
193
Leukocytes siez
6-20 micrometer
194
Leucocytes lifespan
days to years
195
Are leukocytes easily hemolyzed
no
196
Life span of Leucocytes
days to years
197
Granular leukocytes have a _______ life span, the nucleus is ______ and has _______ (number) organelles
short
Segmented
few
198
granular leucocytes types
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
199
Neutrophils percentage, Diameter, and life span
60-70%
10-12 micrometers
Few days
200
Neutrophils granules two types
Azurophil [1ry] large few
| Specific [2ry] small many
201
Functions of Neutrophils
1st line of defense
Bacteria toxins attract neutrophils, leave blood through endothelial cells
1) Phagocytose bacteria
2) Dead neutrophils form pus
3) Pus increase body temperature
4) Attract monocytes to site of infection
5) Stimulate bone marrow
6) Secrete trephone substance
202
Eosinophils percentage, diameter, and life span, LM and EM
1-4%
10-14 micrometer
few days
Horse shoe shaped
Peripheral heterochromatin
203
Basophils percent, diameter, few days, LM, EM
0-1%
10-12 micrometer
few days
Irregular segmented and pale
Minimal peripheral heterochromatin
204
Eosinophils functions
Termination of allergic reaction by secreting histamine
Defend against parasites
205
Functions of basophils
```
secrete heparin
Secrete histamine
Attract eosinophils to site via eosinophil chemotactic factor
Leukotrienes decrease bronchial asthma
Limited phagocytic power
```
206
Basophilia causes
1. Allergic diseases.
2. Parasitic diseases.
3. Viral infection [chicken pox],
4. Liver cirrhosis.
207
Eosinophilia causes
Allergic diseases like asthma
Parasitic diseases
208
Eosinopenia treated with
cortisone
209
Mast cell life and size
weeks-months
| 20-30 micrometers
210
Monocytes percentage in blood, diameter, life span, LM, EM
3-8%
3 days in blood, 3 months in CT
Large kidney shaped nucleus
Pseudo mitochondria
211
Functions of monocytes
1. Remain in blood for 3 days then
2. Enter c.t. & change into macrophages to
phagocytose bacteria & debris.
3. Antigen presenting cells.
4. The precursors of all phagocytic cells: e.g dust cells of lungs, kupffer cells of liver, osteoclasts of bone & microglia of CNS.
212
What causes monocytosis
chronic infection and monocytic leukemia
213
T-Lymphocytes %, life span, maturation site, surface receptor and function
60-80%
Years
Stem cells that migrate to thymus
T-cell receptor e.g CD4 and CD8
Cell mediated immunity
214
B-Lymphocytes %, Life span, Maturation site, surface receptor, function
20-30%
few days to few months
Bone marrow
Receptors for Ig M and Ig D
Humoral immunity
215
Natural killer cells %, life span, maturation site, surface markers, functions
5-10%
Years
develop from precursors of T & B cells
CD16
Innate immune response, secretion of antiviral
216
T-lymphocyte functions
1- Cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells:
Secrete perforins that produce pores in the membrane of virally- infected, transplanted, or neoplastic cells killing them directly (cell mediated immunity).
2- Helper CD4+ T-cells:
Activate B-cells during humoral immune response.
3- Regulatory (Suppressor) T-cells:
a- Maintain unresponsiveness to self-antigens.
b- Suppress excessive immune responses.
4- Memory T-cells:
Rapid immune response on re-exposure to the same antigen.
217
HIV AIDs deystroy
T-helper cell
218
Total leukocyte count
4000 to 11000
219
Bone marrow is also know as
Myeloid tissue
220
Red bone marrow is
active, present in child bone
| in flat, irregular bone in adult
221
Yellow bone marrow is
inactive
Long bones of adult
Store for fat
222
In red bone marrow, there are two parts
Stroma, free cells
223
Stroma has two parts
fixed cells: reticular cells with fibers, osteogenic
Blood sinusoids: irregular blood capillaries
224
Free cells are
developing stages of blood cells
| Stem cells
225
Reticulocyte are
immature RBCs but slightly larger
226
reticulocyte can be stained by
brilliant cresyl blue
227
Reticulocyte percentage in peripheral blood
does not exceed 1%
228
Reticulocyte increase with
hemorrhage
229
Megakaryocyte size, cytoplasm, site, nucleus, function
bone marrow
Basophilic
Bone marrow
Multilobed
Form platelets
