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ISK 101 > Memo anatomy > Flashcards

Memo anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Zona pellucida is

A

glycoprotein coat of the ootid and has receptors for sperm

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2
Q

Ootid is

A

a mature ocyte

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3
Q

corona radiata

A

outer cover formed of follicular cells

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4
Q

Site of fertilization

A

ampulla of uterine tube

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5
Q

five mechanisms of fertilization

A

Sperms capacitation

Phase I

Phase II

Phase III

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6
Q

Sperm capacitation is

A

The process of removal of glycoprotein, takes about 7 hours

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7
Q

Phase 2 is

A

corona radiata penetration, where only 300 sperms reach the ovum and disperse the corona radiata

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8
Q

Phase II is

A

Zona pellucida penetration, where only ONE sperm pass through via

Sperm binds to receptor
Sperm secrete acrosomal enzyme
Sperm head contacts oocyte membrane

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9
Q

Phase III consists of

A

Penetration of the oocyte by

sperm and ovum plasma membranes fuse
Fused membrane opens to allow passage of sperm contents

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10
Q

Events occurring after sperm enters oocyte

A

Cortical and zona reaction: after fertilization, egg releases lysosomal enzymes to prevent binding of more sperms and makes fertilized oocyte membrane impenetrable to other sperms

2nd oocyte completes 2nd mitotic division

Male nucleus becomes larger

Nuclear membrane of both male and female fuse

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11
Q

Cleavage and migration

A

Two cell stage in first day

Four cell stage in 2nd day

16 cell stage followed by 32 and 64 stage in 3rd day

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12
Q

Implantation def, time, and site

A

process by which blastocyst becomes embeded in endometrium

7th day and completed at 11th day

Endometrium upper posterior part of the uterus

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13
Q

Implantation steps

A

Blastocyst adhesion embryonic pole

Trophoblast proliferate at embryonic pole

Blastocyst becomes embedded in the cavity

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14
Q

Changes of blastocyst during implantation

A

Trophoblast differentiates

Formation of amniotic and yolk sac cavities

Formation of double layered embryonic disc

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15
Q

Abnormal sites of impllantation

A

Placenta previa parietalis: placenta margin is near internal os.

Placenta previa marginals: Placenta margin covers internal os

Placenta previa centralis: placenta margin covers internal os

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16
Q

Folding is

A

process which embryonic disc becomes folded upon itself

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17
Q

Types of folding

A

Cephalo-Caudal folding: Forming head and tail folds

Lateral folding: folding of embryonic disc sides

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18
Q

causes of folding

A

increase embryonic disc longitudinal length

Amniotic cavity expansion

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19
Q

Limitation of head and tail folds

A

head fold limited by relatively firm notochord cranial end while tail fold is limited by relatively firm primitive streak

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20
Q

Results of folding

A

Amniotic cavity expansion leads to primitive umbilical ring

Embryonic disc bulges in amniotic cavity

Embryonic disc changes into cylindrical shape and ectoderm becomes on embryo outer surface

Part of yolk sac is incorporated inside folded embryo leading to gut formation

Formation of definitive yolk

Peritoneal canals of intraembryonic coelom surround gut

Formation of forebrain bulge

Reversal of position of heart and pericardium become cranial to septum

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21
Q

What are the fetal membranes

A

Chorion and placenta
Amnion
Umbilical cord
Yolk sac

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22
Q

Chorion formation

A

At 12th day, extra-embryonic mesoderm is formed. Two mesodermal division:

Somatic mesoderm

Splanchnic mesoderm

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23
Q

Layers of chorion layers external to internal

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

Cytotrophoblast

Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm

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24
Q

site of placenta and the 2 surfaces

A

Most upper segment of uterine cavity posterior wall

Fetal surface: smooth surface
Maternal surface; lying in contact of uterine wall

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25
Placenta composed of
``` Chorionic plate Decidual plate Chorionic villi Intervillous space Placenta septa ```
26
Parts of chorionic plate
Amnion Somatic extraembryonic mesoderm Cytotrophoblast Syncytiotrophoblast
27
Placental circulation types
Maternal part: arterial blood flows into intervillous spaces through arterioles fetal part: Umbilical arteries leave fetal abdomen through umbilical cord, branch and enter tertiary villa
28
Functions of placental barrier
Separates fetal and maternal blood Permits gaseous nutritive and waste products exchange Prevent passage of bacteria Prevent passage of toxic material
29
Functions of placenta
``` Exchange of metabolic products Exchange of gases transmission of maternal antibodies so fetus gains immunity Endocrine functions Gets rid of creatine and urea Placenta has protective role ```
30
Endocrine functions of placenta
Progestrone: maintains endometrium Estrogen: Stimulate uterine growth and boobies grow HCG: maintains corpus luteum till 4th month Somatomammotropin: gives fetus priority on maternal blood glucose
31
Abnormal placenta types
In position: placenta pervia parietalis, placenta pervia marginalis, placenta pervia centralis In shape: bilobed or trilobed In number: Twin placenta and accessory placenta In umbilical cord: Velamentous placenta and battledoor placenta In diameter: thinner and wider placenta In infiltration: Deep infiltration of placenta
32
Development of umbilical cord
Primitive umbillical ring formation: connecting stalk with allantois and umbilical vessels Primitive umbilical cord formation: Definitive yolk sac and intestinal hernia : natural Definitive umbilical cord formation: intestinal loop returns abdominal cavity by 3rd month.
33
Umbillical cord abnormalities
``` Short cord Long cord Congenital umbilical hernia One umbilical artery degenration Umbilical cord abnormal attachment true knots ```
34
Notochord is
temporary axial skeleton of embryonic disc
35
Notochord development steps
1) Prenotochordal process: invagination of solid cord cells from primitive pit 2) Notochordal canal: primitive pit extends into process transforming it into canal. 3) Neurenteric canal: temporary communication between amniotic sac and yolk sac Notochordal plate: persisting canal roof fuses with endoderm Definitive notochord: notochordal plate becomes folded upon itself
36
Importance notochord
Temporary axial skeleton of embryonic disc During folding its firmness limits head fold Vertebral column is formed around it
37
Fate of notochord
Vertebral column and intervertebral disc are formed around notochord which persists as nucleus pulposus inside disc.
38
Intra-embryonic not present in
notochord site, neural tube, cloacal membrane, buccopharyngeal membrane
39
Intraembryonic mesoderm def, origin, site
Layer separating ectoderm and endoderm from epiblast cell that invaginate through groove of primitive streak and primitive pit Between ectoderm and endoderm
40
Differentiation of Intraembryonic mesoderm development
Paraxial mesoderm: present on both sides of notochord and neural tube Intermediate mesoderm: Present between paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm Lateral plate mesoderm: most lateral part
41
Superficial fascia is
a layer of loose CT just below deep skin allows skin to move freely over structures and has lots of fat
42
Functions of superficial fascia
Prevents heat loss Softens and smoothens surface of body Facilitates the movement of the skin over underlying structures Medium to conduct nerve, vessels and lymphatics Contains skin muscles as in face Contains special glands
43
Deep fascia is
non elastic membrane formed of regular collagen fibers, found in limbs and in palm and sole.
44
Functions of deep fascia
Formation of broad sheets around group body muscles Formation of intermuscular septa and interosseous membranes Formation of retinacula to keep wrist bands Formation of palmar aponeurosis Formation of fibrous sheaths around vessels
45
give all bone types and an example of each
``` Long bone: radius Short bone: carpal bones Flat bones: skull cap, scapula Pneumatic bones: Maxillary bones irregular bones: Vertebrae Sesamoid bones: patella (lower friction between tendon and bone) ```
46
Fibrous joints types and example
Syndesmosis: interosseous membrane Gomphosis: in root of teeth Sutures: between skull parts
47
Cartilaginous joints types
Primary cartilaginous: temporary. immobile, at end of long bones Secondary cartilaginous; Permanent, intervertebral discs, limited mobility
48
List the ligaments of the shoulder, elbow etc., joints.
Shoulder: 1) 3 glenohumeral 2) coracohumeral 3)transverse humeral Elbow: l)medial collateral ligament 2)lateral collateral ligament
49
Enumerate the muscles supplied by ulnar nerve, median nerve in the hand.
Ulnar: Sup. term. branch: palmaris brevis Deep, term, branch: ab, flexor, oppenens , digiti minimi 3rd and 4th lumbricals ,interossei, adductor pollicis Median: Lat.terminal branch: abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, 1st lumbrical Med terminal branch: 2nd lumberical
50
Branches from the cords brachail plexus
Lat cord (C5-7) : lateral pectoral n, musculocutaneus N and median N Medial cord (C7-T1): Medial pectoral N, median N, median cutaneous N arm, median cutaneous n forearm, ulnar N Post cord: subscapular nerve, thoracodorsal N, radial N and axillary N
51
Anastomosis around surgical neck
Ant circumflex humeral A Post circumflex humeral A Profunda brachii A ascending branch
52
anastomosis around shoulder joint
Suprascapular A Acromio-thoracic artery Circumflex humeral A
53
Name the arteries share in anastomosis around the Scapula
suprascapular A Deep branch of transverse cervical artery Subscapular A Circumflex scapular A
54
Pectoral axillary lymph node drainage
Site: on pec minor and along thoracic artery Area drained: Mammary gland, ant abdominal wall above umbilicus
55
Axillary lymph node
Site: On axilla posterior wall Area drained: mammary gland tail, trunk of back all the way down to iliac crest
56
Humeral axillary lymph node
Site: Near axilla lat wall Areas drained: U.L lymphatics superficial and most deep
57
Central axillary lymph node
Site: in fat, just above axilla base Areas drained: ant, post and lat groups
58
Apical axillary lymph nodes
Site: in axilla apex, behind clavicle and subclavius | Areas drained: Ant, post lat and central groups
59
Branches of brachial artery
Profunda brachii, Radial collateral, middle colateral, sup ulnar collateral, inf ulnar collateral, radial and ulnar
60
Give Posterior relations of radial artery in forearm
- Biceps tendon. - Supinator. - Pronator teres. - Radial head of Flexor digitorum superficialis. - Flexor Pollicus longus. - Pronator quadratus. - lower end of radius (bone)

ISK 101 (2 decks)

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