Memory Flashcards

Question

What is context dependant forgetting?

Answer 1

recall depends on external cues | memory is about the context it occurred in

Answer 2

Godden and Baddeley- learning lists of words deep sea divers - learn land- recall land, learn land-recall sea, learn sea- recall land, learn sea-recall sea recall was 40-50% higher when env was same for both -high ecolgical validity, standardised procedure - artificial task, cant be generalised as not all people would be as comfortable in sea as divers

Answer 3

recall depends on internal cues | people remember information better when there is a match between mood at learning and retrieval- Bower

Answer 4

Carter and Cassidy- gave anti histamine drugs to ps which have a mild sedative effect same learn recall as CDF remembered words better when in the same state for learning and recall - lab exp, demand characteristics, generalisability goodwin et al- drunk and sober eg hiding things when drunk could be found again when drunk but not when sober

Answer 5

refers to the account given by a person of an event that they witnessed

Answer 6

a question that in some way suggests a certain answer and is usually closed response bias- wording of the q doesn't affect the persons memory but affects how they answer the q subsitution explanation - leading question changes the persons memory of an event

Answer 7

Loftus and Palmer 1974- 50 students ps watched video of car crash and asked about how fast the cars were travelling (1 group weren't) "how fast were the cars travelling when they hit eachother" - 34mph "how fast... when they smashed into eachother"- 40mph pt2 came back a week later and asked if they saw broken glass in the video (there was none) 1- 14% yes (hit) 2- 32% yes (smashed) 3- 12% yes (control)

Answer 8

lacks mundane realism and ecological validity as they watched videos instead of being at an actual crash lab exp so lacks external validity but easy to replicate experimental reductionism use of students which isnt representative

Answer 9

when co witnesses to a crime discuss it with each each other which may cause their EWT to become contaminated as they compare information and it may be wrong

Answer 10

Fiona Gabbert et al (2003) studied ps in pairs watching a video of a crime from diffferent pov each p could see different parts of the crime discussed what they saw then did a recall test found that 71% of ps mistakenly recalled aspects of the event that they didn't see didn't happen at all in control group (no discussion) memory conformity / social approval

Answer 11

high pop. validity as done with young and old adults ps knew they were taking part in an exp so they would be looking out for things to say - low ecological validity doesnt explain why the distortion occurs; just the fact that it does (memory conformity, poor memory) Skagerberg and Wright- suggested memory is distorted; it is not just memory conformity

Answer 12

an unpleasant emotional state where we feel like something bad is about go happen has been shown to both positively and negatively affect EWT

Answer 13

Johnson and Scott (1976) ps asked to stand outside lab and wait for exp to start 1- heard friendly discussion and saw a man come out holding a pen with greasy hands 2- heard a hostile discussion and furniture breaking and saw a man come out holding a bloody knife were asked to identify the man they saw from 50 photos 1- 49% accurate 2- 39% accurate example of the weapon focus effect or tunnel theory of memory- weapon narrowed focus of p as it was high danger and took attention away from face

Answer 14

ethical issues as ps were deceived and may have caused psychological harm may not be measuring anxiety but unusualness instead as they wouldn't have expected a knife Valentine and Mesout measured heart rate and split into high and low anxiety groups and asked to recall info about statue outside London Dungeons and found high levels of anxiety made recall worse (support)

Answer 15

Yuille and Cutshall (1986) - real life exp interviewed 13 witnesses of robbery and shooting 4-5 months after event and compared accuracy of EWT to official police interview asked ps to rate their anxiety levels found that witnesses were accurate with little change from original highest levels of stress gave most accurate EWT fight or flight had been triggered- increases alertness

Answer 16

high validity as it was a field study high ecological validity as had real EWT small sample so problems with generalising lack of control as ps could have spoken to others about it ethics- psychological harm bringing up bad memories Christianson and Hübinette interviewed 58 witnesses of bank robberies in Sweden found recall of event was 75% accurate and even more accurate in those directly involved (supports)

Answer 17

a method of interviewing eyewitnesses to help them retrieve more accurate information developed by Geiselman and Fisher (1992) to improve EWT for police

Answer 18

report everything-small things may trigger important parts reverse order- prevents saying what their expectations are change perspective- remember event from someone else's perspective to disrupt schema and expectations of what 'should' happen reinstate context- return to crime scene in their mind which links to context dependant forgetting- cues RRRC

Answer 19

``` developed by Fisher which focused on social dynamics of CI incl. knowing when to make eye contact reduce eyewitness anxiety minimising distractions not interrupting asking open questions ```

Answer 20

very time consuming compared to normal police interview so may not be used properly and most police officers use a combination of the parts that work best for them Milne and Bull found that some of the 4 techniques work better on their own/ with 2 of them compared to all of them together- reinstate context and report everything lead to most info Köhnken et al combined evidence from 50 studies in a meta analysis and found that enhanced CI consistently produces more correct info compared to police interview however it also creates incorrect info- 41% increase in correct info but increase in incorrect info especially with ECI

Answer 21

reviewed evidence (brain scans) of locations of different LTM stores - semantic and episodic concluded that semantic was on left of prefrontal cortex and episodic was on right other research has linked different parts of episodic memory to different sides eg encoding and retrieval challenges neuropsychological research to support where memory stores are located