Studies

Question 1

Milgram (1963)

Answer 1

tested obedience- had to shock ps if they got an answer wrong
65% shocked up to 450 V
100% shocked up to 300V

Question 2

Bickman

Answer 2

power of uniforms

asking people to pick up a bag either dressed as guard (80% obedience) milk man (40% obedience) civilian (40%)

Question 3

Hofling et al

Answer 3

nurses in hospital obeying unknown doctor and giving a patient a drug exceeding the suggested dose
not supposed to accept orders over the phone
compared to control group who were given questionairre on what they’d do
21/22 obeyed- don’t question authority
ecological validity
reliability as easily repeated
nurses could have worked out it was fake
ethics

Question 4

Sheridan + King

Answer 4

gave shocks to puppies
54% of males gave fatal shock
100% of females delivered a fatal shock

Question 5

Asch (1951) *

Answer 5

line study
75% conformed at least once
NSI+ ISI

Question 6

Perin + Spencer *

Answer 6

repeated Asch with engineering students and found lower levels of conformity

Question 7

Lucas et al *

Answer 7

maths questions and found lower ability students conformed more
supports ISI

Question 8

Zimbardo (1971) *

Answer 8

prison study

people readily conformed to social roles

Question 9

McDermott- zim *

Answer 9

ps behaved as if the prison was real so good ecological validity as 90% of conversations were about prison

Question 10

Rotter

Answer 10

idea of locus of control
sense we have about what directs events in our lives and how much control we have over our behaviour
internal (resist pressure to obey + direct their own lives) or external (things that happen are outside of their control)

Question 11

Holland

Answer 11

repeated Milgram and measured whether ps were internal or external LOC
37% of internals didn’t continue to highest level
23% externals didn’t continue to full shock
supports LOC

Question 12

Twenge et al

Answer 12

(meta analysis) found that people have become more resistant to obedience but more external in LOC
doesnt support LOC

Question 13

Gamson et al

Answer 13

(social support) asked ps to run a smear campaign against an oil company
29/33 groups rebelled due to peer support, were in groups so could discuss

Question 14

Adorno et al

Answer 14

developed F scale to measure authoritarian personality
using 2000 middle class white males

Question 15

Milgram and Elms

Answer 15

interviewed 20 people who went to full shocks in Milgram and 20 who didnt go full shock
did multiple personality tests including F scale and found high levels on F scale on full shock group + they admired the experimenter = authoritarian personality
(blind obedience to authority)
compared to people who didnt give full shocks supports Adorno
correlation not causation

Question 16

Christie and Jahoda

Answer 16

argued F scale was politically biased as it only measures right wing ideology (heirarchy, obedience)
some extreme left and right wing ideologies have a lot in common
doesn’t account for whole political spectrum

Question 17

Moscovicci

Answer 17

minority influence and importance of consistency
blue green slides
2 confeds saying blue whole time -consistent= 8%
2 confeds saying blue 12 times green 24 times- non= 1.25%

Question 18

Nemeth

Answer 18

importance of flexibility in minority influence
compensation to ski lift victims
1 group minority argued for low compensation and were inflexible
1 group minority argued same but were flexible
in 1 minority had little effect compared to 2nd group where majority was more likely to compromise

Question 19

Nolan et al *

Answer 19

energy use on a street (signs on people’s doors)
one sign said other people in the neighbourhood were reducing their consumption and other sign didn’t
bigger reduction in 1st sign condition

Question 20

Baddeley

Answer 20

coding in STM + LTM
acoustically similar and dissimilar words
semantically similar and dissimilar words
STM- acoustically
LTM- semantically

Question 21

Miller

Answer 21

capacity of STM = 7±2

made observations of everyday practices- around 7 eg days of the week, music scale

Question 22

Peterson and Peterson

Answer 22

duration of STM= 18 seconds
presented a trigram and ps had to remember it whilst counting back in 3s from a certain number
each trial lasted longer time eg 3s,6s,9s,12s,15s,18s

Question 23

Bahrick et al

Answer 23

duration of LTM= possibly infinite
392 ps aged 17-74 tested on photo recognition (1) of people in yearbook or free recall (2) of people in class
within 15 years- 1= 90% accurate     2=60% accurate
after 48 years- 1=70% accurate        2=30%

Question 24

Atkinson and Shriffin

Answer 24

multi store model of memory

consists of sensory store STM and LTM

Question 25

HM (case study)

Answer 25

had hippocampus removed in surgery STM was same but couldn't form new long term memories shows evidence for separate stores (MSM) episodic was impaired but semantic and procedural were both okay eg he could not recall stroking a dog 30 mins prior but he still understood the concept of a dog

Question 26

KF (case study)- Shallice and Warrington

Answer 26

had brain damage due to accident couldn't remember words in STM when read to him but could when he read them poor audiotory but could process visual information normally showing STM processed different types in different ways doesnt support MSM

Question 27

Tulving

Answer 27

different types of LTM episodic- personal events from our lives procedural- how to do things eg driving a car semantic- knowledge of the world and general concepts eg love/animals

Question 28

Clive Wearing

Answer 28

``` parts of LTM were normal and some were impaired episodic was impaired semantic was fine procedural was fine supports multiple LTM stores he could still read music and play piano ```

Question 29

Baddeley and Hitch

Answer 29

working memory model | consists of central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer

Question 30

KF

Answer 30

couldnt remember words read to him (phonological) | could remember words he read (VSS)

Question 31

Dual task exp

Answer 31

more similar tasks are harder as they use the same parts of the brain/ memory and they have limited capacity

Question 32

Underwood and Postman *

Answer 32

``` retroactive interference 1st group asked to learn 2 lists of words (1 list of word pairs and 1 list unrelated) eg cat-tree then cat-glass 2nd group asked to learn 1st list () both groups had to recall first list 2nd group was better ```

Question 33

Baddeley and Hitch *

Answer 33

asked rugby players to recall the teams they had played players who missed more games could remember more as they had less interference retroactive interference

Question 34

Godden and Baddeley *

Answer 34

context dependant forgetting divers learnt words on land or in sea and recalled in matched or opposite context higher recall when context was same for learn + recall

Question 35

Carter and Cassidy *

Answer 35

state dependant forgetting learning on anti histamine drug and recall in matched or opposite state higher recall when state was same for learn + recall

Question 36

Loftus and Palmer *

Answer 36

effects of leading questions of EWT showed ps clips of car crashes and asked how fast they were going using different words (smashed (40mph) /hit(38mph) ) came back and asked if they saw broken glass (none) 32% said yes in smashed compared to 14% in hit

Question 37

Gabbert et al *

Answer 37

effect of post event discussion on EWT ps watched video of crime from different angles and discussed it after 71% recalled events they didn't actually see

Question 38

Skagerburg and Wright *

Answer 38

suggested memory isn't distorted in PED but memory conformity occurs

Question 39

Johnson and Scott *

Answer 39

weapon focus effect (anxiety) pen- face recall 49% accurate kinfe- face recall 39% accurate anxiety had negative effect

Question 40

Yuille and Cutshall *

Answer 40

real life exp interviewing witnesses of store robbery and shooting 4-5 month after initial incident highest levels of stress recorded gave most accurate EWT anxiety had a positive effect as fight of flight was triggered which increased alertness

Question 41

Geiselmen and Fisher

Answer 41

developed cognitive interview to improve EWT | recall everything, reverse order, reinstate context, change perspective

Question 42

Fisher et al

Answer 42

developed enhanced CI which focused on social dynamics of the interaction when to make eye contact, how to reduce eyewitness anxiety evidence from Köhnken that ECI leads to an increase in inaccurate info/incorrect details

Question 43

Kohnken et al

Answer 43

meta analysis of s 55 studies comparing cognitive interview to standard police interview and found 41% increase in correct info 61% increase in inaccurate info, especially when enhanced cog interview was used so should be used carefully

Question 44

Meltzoff and Moore *

Answer 44

caregiver- infant interactions controlled observation adult displayed facial expressions and child had dummy in but was taken out and baby copied- association

Question 45

Grossman *

Answer 45

role of father found that quality of mother child attachment was more important in attachment quality in adolescence father is more of a play stimulating role

Question 46

Schafer and Emerson *

Answer 46

stages of attachment - AIDM babies in working class families in Glasgow natural environment as was a overt observation

Question 47

Mary Ainsworth

Answer 47

strange situation assessing attachment types controlled observation 70% secure- i trust you 15% insecure avoidant - i dont care 15% insecure resistant - i dont trust you

Question 48

Bowlby (1)

Answer 48

monotropic theory of attachment (evolutionary) innate tendency to form attachments A- adaptive S- social releasers C- critical period- 3-6 months M- monotropy I- internal working model if attachment is formed in critical period then child will suffer emotional, physical and intellectual deficits can form attachments up to 3 years old but not as strong

Question 49

Bowlby (2)

Answer 49

``` maternal deprivation- mothering is useless if delayed after 2.5 years 44 thieves (44 control)- affection-less psychopathy 14/44 had AP 12/14 with AP had prolonged separation from mother in first 2 years of lives AP- don't feel guilt/ remorse , withdrawn, uncaring +linked with criminality ```

Question 50

Lewis

Answer 50

replicated 44 thieves with a bigger sample size of 500 and found no such link other factors than MD that cause issues later on in life

Question 51

Bowlby (3)

Answer 51

influence of early attachment on later relationships internal working model works as a template for assumption about later relationships determinist

Question 52

Hazen and Shaver

Answer 52

love quiz of nearly 100 questions in local newspaper tested attachment types with parents and their views on love and relationships people can lie on questionnaires info is retrospective so may not remember correctly not everyone had an equal chance to participate

Question 53

Van Izjendoorn + Kroonenburg

Answer 53

``` cultural variations of attachment types meta analysis of strange situation 32 studies, 8 countries, 2000 children found more variation within cultures than between highest secure in GB lowest in china IA highest in west Germany IR highest in Israel and Japan ```

Question 54

Lorenz

Answer 54

``` geese imprinting (attach to first moving object seen) critical period of 4-25 hrs shows attachment is innate and is done for survival ```

Question 55

Guiton

Answer 55

found that chickens imprint on a yellow washing up glove and try to mate with it

Question 56

Harlow

Answer 56

contact comfort mother vs feeding mother (4 conditions) groups of monkeys spent more time with CC and monkeys with wire mother had diarrhoea monkeys in exp were timid, couldn't mate, killed offspring

Question 57

Howe

Answer 57

practical applications for Harlow using the knowledge to help social workers understand the risk of neglect

Question 58

Rutter et al

Answer 58

romanian orphanages compared 154 RO children to 54 adopted british children if they were adopted after 6 months they showed deficits in social, mental and physical development Lower IQ the later they were adopted showed disinhibited attachment- not one strong one Compared to secure attachment in British disinhibited is an adaptation of living in RO as they would have had multiple carers but wouldn't have actually formed a strong attachment with any of them

Question 59

Zeenah

Answer 59

used strange situation on institutionalised children 136 romanian orphanages aged 12-31 months old, spent 90% lives in institutions 45% disorganised and 19% secure in RO group compared to 74% secure and >20% disorg in control group

Question 60

Dollard and Miller

Answer 60

learning theory of attachment- operant conditioning caregiver feeds child which reduces unpleasant feeling- positive reinforcement child stops crying- negative reinforcement- ``` hunger= primary drive food= primary reinforcer caregiver= secondary reinforcement attachment= secondary drive ```

Question 61

Schafer and Emerson

Answer 61

found infants formed attachments to their mothers even if they are fed by other carers - contradictory

Question 62

Aubrey Lewis

Answer 62

37% of patients with OCD had parents with it and 21% had siblings with it genetic vulnerability

Question 63

Taylor

Answer 63

found evidence that there may be as many as 230 genes that are involved in the development of OCD polygenic

Question 64

Nestadt

Answer 64

in OCD found concordance rates of 68% in MZ twins and 31% in DZ twins and MZ share identical genes still is effect of environment MZ share more similar environment so may be why the CR is higher

Question 65

Cromer

Answer 65

over 50% of patients with OCD had suffered a traumatic event so may be due to this rather than genes

Question 66

Hu

Answer 66

found lower levels of serotonin in OCD patients than controls may be from OCD rather than a cause of it may be from accompanying depression ( comorbidity)

Question 67

Saxena

Answer 67

reviewed brain scan studies and found links between higher activity levels in patients with OCD

Question 68

Soomro

Answer 68

reviewed 17 studies which compared SSRIs to placebos and found that SSRIs are 70% more effective in reducing symptoms other 30% did were helped by a combination of drugs and psychological treatments

Question 69

Griest

Answer 69

compared effectiveness of ERP- emotional and ritual prevention to drug therapy and found that ERP was as effective as drugs no need for drugs (which have side effects) if treatments are available, deals with root of the illness some people can't face therapy

Question 70

bailey

Answer 70

found that majority of women had the same attachment type to their child as they did to their own mother

Question 71

hartup

Answer 71

in nursery securely attached children are more popular and engaged in more social interactions compared to resistant who relied on teachers for interaction and emotional support

Question 72

quinton

Answer 72

compared 50 women who had been brought up in institutions to women who had been bought up in normal homes ex institutionalised had extreme difficulties acting as parents similar to harlow monkeys

Question 73

mowrer

Answer 73

two process model where phobias are acquired by classical conditioning and maintained by operant conditioning

Question 74

mowrer

Answer 74

created a phobia in rats by pairing a buzzer with electric shock and fear response was recorded from just the buzzer he also taught rats how to escape the electric shock and they did this every time the buzzer went showing negative reinforcement

Question 75

watson and rayner

Answer 75

created phobia in little albert by pairing loud noise with white rabbit supports two process model of classical conditioning

Question 76

menzies and clarke

Answer 76

only 2% of people with a fear of water had actually had a traumatic experience with water

Question 77

dinardo

Answer 77

in control group, 50% of healthy, non phobic individuals had a traumatic experience with a dog (but not got a phobia which shows there may be other factors)

Question 78

seligman

Answer 78

argued that we have an innate biological preparedness which predisposes us to have certain phobias to increase survival- passed down from ancestors eg fear of lions/tigers supported by the fact that many people have phobias for things that they never really encounter eg snakes

Question 79

jacobs

Answer 79

capacity of stm digit span- ps given 4 digits in order then asked to recall in order and number of digits given increases until they cant answer anymore mean digits= 9.3 mean letters= 7.3

Question 80

wolpe

Answer 80

flooding drove a woman who had a phobia of cars around for 4 hours and anxiety decreased rapidly removed fear responses which got rid of phobia

Question 81

rothbaum

Answer 81

90% of people who had a fear of flying would flew after SD showing evidence for effectiveness

Question 82

gilroy

Answer 82

studied 45 arachnaphobics who had SD and after 3 and 33 months, their fear response was lower than a control group who were only given relaxation techniques

Question 83

orne and holland

Answer 83

milgram ps guessed the experiment was fake and went along with it due to demand characteristics/ wanting to please the experimenter tapes showed that only 50% of ps believed shocks were real

Question 84

french documentary

Answer 84

``` similar to milgram paid ps thought they were on game show had to deliver shocks to other ps (actors) ordered by presenter, in front of a live audience 80% went to full shock level shows milgram wasn't a one off ```

Question 85

Albrecht

Answer 85

found that on a programme to help pregnant teens resist pressure to smoke, teens who had a buddy were sig less likely to smoke compared to those without a buddy (RWA)

Question 86

simonella

Answer 86

studied 76 children aged 12 months using strange situation in italy found- 50% secure and 36% insecure avoidant lower secure and higher IA than in any other studies may be due to more mothers using professional childcare

Question 87

Holliday

Answer 87

studied the cognitive interview with children especially intellectually disabled children perspective taking question is too hard as they may have theory of mind deficits which doesn't allow this to occur changes have been made such as warm up questions and asking about familiar situations