Memory

Question 1

What is the outcome of learning; bringing stored info into mind/being?

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

Memory is not a _____ process

Answer 2

Unitary

Question 3

What are the 3 memory systems from the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model?

Answer 3

1- Sensory memory
2- Short-term memory
3- Long-term memory

Question 4

Visual sensory memory lasts only _____ and is also known as ______

Answer 4

a fraction of a second; iconic memory

Question 5

Auditory sensory memory lasts ______ and is also known as ______

Answer 5

about 2 seconds; echoic memory

Question 6

Short term memory has the capacity of __ to __ bits of information

Answer 6

5 - 9

Question 7

When memory is full, _____ occurs (briefly define)

Answer 7

displacement → new one comes in, so old one goes out

Question 8

Bits of info can be made larger by _______ (briefly define)

Answer 8

chunking → grouping info

Question 9

Short-term memory lasts less than ___

Answer 9

30 seconds

Question 10

Kept in short-term memory is by ______

Answer 10

Rehearsal

Question 11

2 types of serial position effect

Answer 11

Primary and Recency effect

Question 12

Which serial position effect occurs when info at the beginning of a sequence is easily recalled because it is already in long-term memory?

Answer 12

Primary effect

Question 13

Which serial position effect occurs when the information at the end of a sequence is easily recalled because it is still in short-term memory?

Answer 13

Recency effect

Question 14

Long-term memory has _______ capacity and is relatively ________

Answer 14

Unlimited; permanent

Question 15

Information gets into LTM by _______

Answer 15

Rehearsal

Question 16

2 subsystems of LTM:

Answer 16

1- Declarative memory (explicit)

2- Non-declarative memory (implicit)

Question 17

Sensory uptake (related to sensory memory)

Answer 17

Acquisition

Question 18

Processing of information to be stored (related to STM)

Answer 18

Encoding

Question 19

Creates a stronger representation over time (related to LTM)

Answer 19

Consolidation

Question 20

Result of acquisition and consolidation; keeping/maintaining information in memory

Answer 20

Storage

Question 21

Use stored info to create a conscious representation; information stored in memory is brought to mind; recognition or recall

Answer 21

Retrieval

Question 22

2 subsystems of explicit memory:

Answer 22

1- Episodic memory (tied to episodes of life/moments)

2- Semantic memory (knowledge)

Question 23

2 subsystems of implicit memory:

Answer 23

1- Priming (learning without awareness)

2- Procedural memory (motor skills, habits, without awareness)

Question 24

What type of LTM subsystem is where info can be brought to mind verbally or stored in the form of images?

Answer 24

Declarative memory (explicit)

Question 25

Implicit memory =

Answer 25

Non-declarative memory

Question 26

Which 2 regions are involved in working memory (representing, maintaining and manipulating info that is not immediately present in the environment)?

Answer 26

Prefrontal and parietal regions

Question 27

Retention depends on ________

Answer 27

how deeply information is processed

Question 28

Forming relationships, making associations, or attaching meaning =

Answer 28

Deep processing

Question 29

Producing information from memory without retrieval cues:

Answer 29

Recall

Question 30

Producing memory with retrieval cues:

Answer 30

Recognition

Question 31

Measuring learning by using the time it takes to relearn forgotten facts:

Answer 31

Relearning

Question 32

Which analogy explains memory as a permanent record?

Answer 32

Video recorder analogy

Question 33

Memory as a reconstruction: partly ____ and partly _____

Answer 33

Fact; fiction

Question 34

We reconstruct memories; place together highlights with info that may or may not be _______

Answer 34

accurate

Question 35

Eyewitness testimonies are often subject to _____

Answer 35

error (false memory)

Question 36

A memory of a shocking event:

Answer 36

Flashbulb memory

Question 37

Information is easier to recall when a person is in the same environmental context they were in when they learned it:

Answer 37

Context-dependant memory

Question 38

Information is easier to recall when a person is in the same state they were in when they learned it:

Answer 38

State dependent memory

Question 39

HM are:

Answer 39

Life-threatening seizures in temporal lobe

Question 40

In 1953, when Dr. Scoville remove parts of HMs medial temporal lobe on both sides of his brain, what were the after affects of the affective surgery?

Answer 40

Couldnt form new explicit memories (no more LTM)

Question 41

Which part of the brain is for critical consolidation of information in LTM?

Answer 41

Hippocampus

Question 42

What do you call damage to the hippocampus?

Answer 42

Anterograde amnesia

Question 43

What is the strengthening of the neural pathways which increases in efficiency?

Answer 43

Long term potentiation

Question 44

Strong memories fuelled by ________

Answer 44

Emotion

Question 45

________ enable humans to survive, imprint in memories of threatening circumstances

Answer 45

Hormones

Question 46

Excess _______ interferes with memory if adrenal gland disease

Answer 46

Stress hormone cortisol

Question 47

__________ improves working memory

Answer 47

Estrogen

Question 48

6 causes of forgetting:

Answer 48

``` 1- Encoding failure 2- Decay theory 3- Interference theories 4- Consolidation failure 5- Motivated forgetting 6- Retrieval failure ```

Question 49

2 types of interference:

Answer 49

1- retroactive (other info can interfere with remembering original info) 2- proactive (original info can interfere with remembering other info)

Question 50

5 techniques to improve memory:

Answer 50

``` 1- Organization 2- Mnemonic devices 3- Overlearning 4- Massed practice vs Spaced practice 5- Active learning vs Passive learning ```

Question 51

3 mnemonic devices:

Answer 51

1- Rhyme 2- First letter technique 3- Method of Loci