Memory

Question 1

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 1

a type of dementia characterised
by gradual widespread degeneration of brain neurons,
progressively causing memory decline, deterioration
of cognitive and social skills, and personality
changes p. 324

Question 2

amnesia

Answer 2

loss of memory that is inconsistent with
ordinary forgetting; see also anterograde
amnesia p. 313

Question 3

anterograde amnesia

Answer 3

loss of memory only for
information or events occurring after the trauma that
caused the amnesia p. 314

Question 4

Atkinson-shiffrin multi-store model

Answer 4

represents
memory as consisting of three separate stores called
sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term
memory p. 269

Question 5

consolidation

Answer 5

the biological process of making a
newly formed long-term memory stable and enduring
after learning p. 208

Question 6

context dependent cue

Answer 6

a prompt for memory retrieval
based on environmental factors in the specific situation
in which the required memory was originally formed;
compare with state dependent cue p. 331

Question 7

cued recall

Answer 7

reproducing information from memory by

using a prompt to assist retrieval p. 303

Question 8

echoic memory

Answer 8

auditory sensory memory for
incoming auditory information that stores sounds in
their original sensory form for about three or four
seconds p. 275

Question 9

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 9

the process of linking new
information in a meaningful way with information already stored in memory or with other new
information to aid its storage and retrieval from
long-term memory; compare with maintenance
rehearsal p. 335

Question 10

encoding

Answer 10

in relation to memory, conversion of
information into a form that can be neurologically
represented and stored in memory p. 268

Question 11

episodic memory

Answer 11

the long-term explicit memory of

personally experienced events p. 282

Question 12

explicit memory

Answer 12

memory that occurs when
information can be consciously or intentionally
retrieved and stated; see also episodic memory
and semantic memory; compare with implicit
memory p. 282

Question 13

eye-witness testimony

Answer 13

any firsthand account given

by an individual of an event they have seen p. 309

Question 14

forgetting

Answer 14

the inability to access or recover

information previously stored in memory p. 329

Question 15

free recall

Answer 15

reproducing information from memory in

any order, without the assistance of any cue p. 303

Question 16

glutamate

Answer 16

the primary excitatory
neurotransmitter for information transmission
throughout the brain; plays crucial roles in the growth
and strengthening of synaptic connections during
learning and memory formation pp. 129, 207

Question 17

iconic memory

Answer 17

visual sensory memory for incoming
visual information that stores visual images in their
original sensory form for about a third of a second p. 272

Question 18

implicit memory

Answer 18

memory that does not require
conscious or intentional retrieval; see also procedural
memory and classically conditioned memory; compare
with explicit memory p. 284

Question 19

leading question

Answer 19

a question that has content or is
phrased in such a way as to suggest what answer is
desired or to lead to the desired answer p. 309

Question 20

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 20

repetition of information over
and over again so that it can be kept in short-term (or
working) memory; also called rote learning; compare
with elaborative rehearsal p. 334

Question 21

memory

Answer 21

processing, storage and retrieval of

information acquired through learning p. 268

Question 22

memory bias

Answer 22

the distorting influences of present
knowledge, beliefs and feelings on the recollection of
previous experiences p. 543

Question 23

neurodegenerative disease

Answer 23

a disorder characterised
by a progressive decline in the structure, activity and
function of brain tissue p. 313

Question 24

neurohormone

Answer 24

a chemical messenger manufactured
by a neuron that is released into the bloodstream
and carried to target neurons or cells; compare with
neurotransmitter p. 207

Question 25

neurotransmitter

Answer 25

a chemical substance produced by a neuron that carries a message to other neurons or cells in muscles, organs or other tissue; compare with neurohormone p. 129

Question 26

primacy effect

Answer 26

the serial position effect of superior | recall for items at the beginning of a list p. 338

Question 27

procedural memory

Answer 27

the long-term implicit memory of motor skills and actions that have been learned previously p. 285

Question 28

recall

Answer 28

reproducing information stored in memory; see | also cued recall, free recall and serial recall p. 303

Question 29

recency effect

Answer 29

the serial position effect of superior | recall for items at the end of a list p. 338

Question 30

recognition

Answer 30

in relation to memory retrieval, | identifying the original, learnt information p. 303

Question 31

reconstruction

Answer 31

in relation to memory, combining stored information with other available information to form what is believed to be a more coherent, complete or accurate memory; also called reconstructive memory p. 306

Question 32

rehearsal

Answer 32

in relation to memory, the process of consciously manipulating information to keep it in short-term memory, to transfer it to long-term memory or to aid storage and retrieval; see also elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal p. 334

Question 33

relearning

Answer 33

learning information again that has been previously learned and therefore stored in long-term memory; also called savings p. 305

Question 34

retrieval

Answer 34

in relation to memory, recovery of stored information and bringing into conscious awareness for use p. 268

Question 35

retrieval cue

Answer 35

any stimulus that assists the process of locating and recovering information stored in memory p. 330

Question 36

retrieval method

Answer 36

any means used to retrieve information from memory; see also recall, recognition and relearning p. 302

Question 37

savings

Answer 37

in relation to memory, a means of measuring the amount of information saved from previous learning when relearning; also called method of savings p. 305

Question 38

semantic memory

Answer 38

the long-term explicit memory of | facts and knowledge about the world p. 283

Question 39

sensory memory

Answer 39

the entry point of memory in which the stimuli that bombard the senses are retained in their original sensory form for a very brief time p. 271

Question 40

serial position effect

Answer 40

a research finding that free recall is better for items at the end and beginning of a list than for items in the middle of the list; see also primary effect and recency effect p. 337

Question 41

serial recall

Answer 41

reproducing information from memory in | the order in which it was learned p. 303

Question 42

short-term memory

Answer 42

a memory system with limited storage capacity in which information is stored for a relatively short time, unless renewed in some way; also functions as ‘working memory’ pp. 277, 281

Question 43

state dependent cue

Answer 43

a prompt for memory retrieval based on an individual’s internal physiological and/or psychological state at the time the required memory was formed; compare with context dependent cue p. 332

Question 44

storage

Answer 44

in relation to memory, retention of encoded | information over time p. 268

Question 45

structural feature- atkinson shiffrin model

Answer 45

in the Atkinson–Shiffrin multi-store model, a permanent, built-in fixed feature of memory that does not vary from one situation to the other; compare with control process p. 269

Question 46

Role of Cerebral Cortex in memory

Answer 46

Long-term explicit memories (semantic and episodic) are distributed throughout the cortex (storage)

Question 47

Role of Hippocampus in memory

Answer 47

Coverts Short-term memories into Long-term memories Consolidates new sematic and episodic memories but does not store them! Strong connections to the amygdala (hence, plays a role in emotional memories)

Question 48

Role of Cerebellum in memory

Answer 48

Involved in the encoding and temporary storage of implicit procedural memories Crucial for motor learning and the execution of voluntary movements – but not long term storage Permanent storage for a range of conditioned reflexes-eg blinking reflex.

Question 49

Role of Amygdala in memory

Answer 49

Involved in the formation of emotional memories (e.g., classically conditioned fear responses) - Consolidation not storage. More likely to remember events that produce strong emotional reactions (partly due to the presence of noradrenaline in the amygdala). Noradrenaline stimulates the amygdala to attach more emotional significance to an experience and signals the hippocampus to consolidate this type of episodic memory (flashbulb memory)