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Psychology paper 1 > memory > Flashcards

memory Flashcards

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1
Q

who developed the MSM?

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin

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2
Q

who developed the WMM?

A

Baddeley and Hitch

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3
Q

what experiment supports the MSM?

A 
Glanzer and Cunitz 
30 word recall after learnt 
beginning LTM
middle decayed
end STM
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4
Q

what case study supports the MSM?

A

HM
epilepsy= temporal lobes removed
since surgery unable to form new long term memories but STM stayed normal but couldn’t transfer between them

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5
Q

what study supports the CE in memory?

A

Bunge

FMRI and dual task increased activity as increase attention demand

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6
Q

what study supports the VSS in memory?

A

Brookes
visualise a letter
asked q’s
respond either verbally tapping or pointing

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7
Q

what study supports the PL in memory?

A

Baddeley

short vs long words

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8
Q

what study supports the EB in memory

A

Al-Khalifa

impaired ltm patient can store 25 items in stm

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9
Q

what study supports the idea of interference forgetting?

A

Underwood

more nonsense previously learnt more likely to inhibit new

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10
Q

what study supports the idea of cue dependant forgetting?

A

Godden and Baddeley
18 divers
36 2-3 syllable words learnt in different spaces

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11
Q

What is the duration of the sensory memory

A

0.5 seconds

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12
Q

what is the capacity of the sensory memory

A

unlimited

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13
Q

what is the encoding of the sensory memory

A

visual
audio
touch
taste

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14
Q

how does information transfer between Sensory memory and STM

A

by paying attention

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15
Q

what is the duration of the STM

A

18-30s

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16
Q

what is the capacity of STM

A

7 +/- 2 items

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17
Q

what is the encoding of the STM

A

acoustically

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18
Q

how is information retained in the STM

A

maintenance rehearsal

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19
Q

how is information transferred from STM to LTM

A

elaborate rehearsal

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20
Q

how is information transfered to the STM from LTM

A

retreival

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21
Q

how is information lost in the MSM

A

decay in SM
displacement in STM

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22
Q

what is the duration of the LTM

A

a lifetime

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23
Q

what is the capacity of the LTM

A

unlimited

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24
Q

what is the encoding of the LTM

A

semantically

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25
In the WMM what is the CE and what does it do
delegates tasks to slave systems allocates limited resources giving priority to tasks cannot store information
26
what does the WMM describe
multiple subunits of the STM
27
In the WMM what is the VSS and what does it do
deals with what things look like and their layout compared to other items
28
what are the two areas of the VSS
Visual cache inner scribe
29
what is the role of the two areas of the VSS
VC stores visual information I.S. records arrangement of objects in a field
30
In the WMM what is the PL and what does it do
deals with auditory information preserving the order of the information
31
what are the two areas of the PL
Phonological store articulatory control system
32
what are the roles of the two areas of the PL
PS holds words ACS rehearsal of verbal information
33
In the WMM what is the EB and what does it do
- sorts information from systems into one structure/episode - acts as storage for CE -transfers information to LTM
34
what are the 3 types of LTM
semantic procedural episodic
35
who suggested the 3 types of LTM
Tulving
36
what is semantic memory of the LTM
stores factual information such as word meanings or general knowledge (give an example)
37
what is procedural memory of the LTM
knowing how to do things such as our motor skills
38
what is episodic memory of the LTM
stores information about events involving conscious thoughts of time and place
39
what is the strongest type of LTM
Procedural as it lasts the longest
40
what is proactive interference
old interferes new
41
what is retroactive interference
new interferes old
42
when does interference occur
when memories are similar
43
what does the cue dependant forgetting theory suggest
that when cues during encoding are not present during recall causes forgetting
44
what is a memory trace
a laid down and retained memory state from the original perception of an event including the surroundings
45
what does a memory trace act as
a retrieval cue
46
what is a retrieval cue
a piece of information in an individuals cognitive environment at the time of encoding that matches recall
47
who suggested the encoding specificity principle
tulving
48
what is the encoding specificity principle
the greater the similarity between encoding and recall event the increased likelihood of remembering the original memory
49
what are the three types of cues
context state organisational
50
what is a context cue
an external cue of the environment at the point of encoding
51
what research supports context cues
Godden and Baddeley 18 divers
52
what is a state cue
an internal cue of the mental environment at the point of encoding
53
what research supports state cues
Overton
54
what is an organisational cue
a category cue that places a memory in association to other cues within a category such as topics in psychology
55
what is an EWT
recollection of an event by a witness after significant time has passed
56
what are the 3 factors that effect EWT
misleading questions post-event discussion anxiety of event
57
what is a misleading information
incorrect information given after the event to a EW that effects recall
58
what is a leading question
information that influences an individual to change their memory to give a desired answer e.g. suggesting something did happen
59
what researcher supports Misleading Q's as a factor affecting recall
Loftus and palmer
60
what research weakens misleading questions as a factor affecting recall
Yuille and Cutshall
61
what are the 3 ways post event discussion can affect recall of an EWT
retroactive interference/ media coverage conformity (ISI and NSI) Repeated interviewing
62
what research supports post-event discussion as a factor effecting EWT
Gabbert
63
what may increase anxiety
threat or violence during an event that causes a higher state of arousal
64
what is Yerkes-dodson law
extreme stress limits recall to low stress limits recall moderate stress increases recall
65
what is the weapons focus effect
where an EW or victim has limited recall due to focusing on central details of a threat e.g. a gun causing tunnel vision as they cannot recall anything else surrounding the event
66
what research supports weapon focus effect
loftus and burns
67
what research supports anxiety affecting EWT
Johnson and Scott
68
what research weakens anxiety affecting EWT
Deffenbacher
69
what is the cognitive interview
interview technique to improve recall of original memory to increase the reliability of the EWT using retrieval strategies
70
who developed the CI
Fischer and Gieselman
71
what are the 4 retrieval stratergies of CI
recall everything they can remember in detail context reinstatement (mentally or physically taking a person back to place of encoding) recall in reverse (prevents dishonesty) recall from another perspective
72
why in the CI do they use recall in reverse order
to prevent dishonesty and use of schemas Primary and recency effect as middle information is lost only memory from stm and ltm recalled
73
what is the hierarchal network model
memories form a network so by reporting everything will trigger multiple cues that increase the detail of the event
74
why does CI use recall in different perspectives
removes schemas

Psychology paper 1 (4 decks)

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