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Psychology paper 1 > psychopathology > Flashcards

psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an example of statistical infrequency

A

schizophrenia only occurs in 1% of the population

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2
Q

what is statistical infrequency? as a definition of abnormality

A

a measure of abnormality where if a person’s measure falls outside the majority field e.g. +-2 S.D. away from the mean is abnormal

therefore characteristics are measurable to determine an average where the ‘majority’ of normal lay here

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3
Q

what is a good thing about statistical infrequency as a definition of abnormality

A

acts as a base line/ cut off point for abnormal behaviour, more easily identified

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4
Q

is Statistical infrequency scientific

A

yes as it creates a baseline/cut off point to determine general laws of what is abnormal or not using objective methods such as S.D.

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5
Q

Does statistical infrequency have practical applications

A

yes using an IQ score anyone bellow two standard deviations around the mean may need support in their educations or can be tested for learning difficulties etc to give them a ‘normal’ life

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6
Q

what are the two issues with statistical infrequency as a definition of abnormality

A

not ‘black and white’ for example the IQ difference between 68 and 73 is practically non-existant

not all behaviours are rare e.g. depression occurs in 20% of people so may not be classified as abnormal and therefor limits a patients treatment

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7
Q

what is deviation from social norms as a definition of abnormality

A

behaviour is abnormal if it goes against what people consider socially acceptable e.g. queuing in the UK

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8
Q

what is socially deviant behaviour (AO1)

A

behaviour society views as undesirable or antisocial for example shouting at elderly people

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9
Q

what is a social norm (AO1)

A

an unwritten rule or accepted and expected behaviour

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10
Q

how is abnormality measured in deviation from social norms (AO1)

A

cumulatively where the more norms that are broken the more abnormal the person is

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11
Q

what approach is deviation from social norms considered to be

A

holistic approach as it takes account for all situational and developmental norms e.g. queuing and age specific behaviour

so is a more detailed definition of abnormality as cumulates qualitative data

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12
Q

is deviation from social norms useful as a definition of abnormality

A

no as social norms are subjective and perception of norms may differ per person

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13
Q

what is the practical application of deviation of social norms as a definition of abnormality

A

therapists can determine social abnormalities in a patients behaviour for example someone with social anxiety and treat them by drug therapy

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14
Q

what is the issue with social norms as a definition of abnormality

A

they can change over time for example with homosexuality being accepted when it wasn’t before

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15
Q

what is deviation from ideal mental health as a definition of abnormality

A

6 aspects of ideal mental health to determine the degrees of normality in a person’s mental health

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16
Q

who determined the 6 criteria of ideal mental health

A

Marie Jahoda

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17
Q

what are the 6 criteria of ideal mental health

A

positive attitude to self
accurate perception of reality
autonomy
resisting stress
self-actualisation
environmental mastery

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18
Q

PAARSE ideal mental health

A

positive attitude to self
accurate perception of reality
autonomy
resisting stress
self-actualisation
environmental mastery

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19
Q

what is autonomy in ideal mental health criteria

A

being able to behaviour independently making own decisions

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20
Q

what is environmental mastery in ideal mental health

A

ability to adapt to change without stress

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21
Q

how is deviation from ideal health as a definition of abnormality ‘refreshingly positive’

A

definition focuses on how to achieve ideal mental health enabling someone to develop their own will power and work towards something rather than being labelled

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22
Q

what is meant by failure to function adequately as a definition for abnormality

A

behaviour is abnormal if an individuals behaviour effects their day to day life

example: not being able to attend work

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23
Q

who presented the 7 features of person dysfunction

A

Rosenhan and Seligman

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24
Q

what are the 7 features of personal dysfunction

A

personal distress
maladaptive behaviour
unpredictibility
irrationallity
observer discomfort
violation of moral (SN’s)
unconventionality

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25
MOV UUPI
maladaptive behaviour observer discomfort violation of morals unpredictability unconventionality personal distress irrationality
26
what is maladaptive behaviour
behaviour that prevents individual reaching goals
27
what is violation of moral quantities
behaviour is not reflective of social norms
28
why can failure to function adequately as a definition for abnormality be scientific
behaviour like missing work can be measured objectively, so if attendance falls bellow average.. abnormal
29
why does failure to function adequately as a definition for abnormality being NOMOTHETIC decrease its effectiveness
subjective, generalises behaviour in similar situations may be interpretated differently for each individual GIVE EXAMPLE
30
how can failure to function adequately as a definition for abnormality be seen as realistic
considers social norms, personal suffering and how others view the person
31
how is failure to function adequately as a definition for abnormality culturally bias
social norms differ for each culture e.g. personal space UK vs middle east
32
what is a phobia
debilitating fear of object, place, situation, feeling or animal an anxiety disorder 15-20% of pop effected diagnosis after 6 months of interferance
33
what are the emotional characteristics of a phobia
persistant excessive unreasonable fear -> causes high anxiety fear when exposed to object -> can lead to panic attacks
34
what are the behavioural characteristics of a phobia
avoidance crying, screaming, running, fearing distruption to daily function
35
what are the cognitive characteristics of a phobia
conscious awareness to exaggerated fear selective attention to stimulus irrational beliefs -> all clowns evil cognitive distortions -> leave house will see clown
36
what is Depression
mood disorder causes persistant feeling of sadness and loss of intrest 5% general pop
37
what are the emotional characteristics of depression
low mood (for 2 weeks diagnosis) anger low self esteem -> worthlessness
38
what are the behavioural characteristics of depression
loss of energy insomnia weight changes (5% + or - BMI) agression bad hygiene
39
what are the cognitive characteristics of depression
low concentration cognitive biases (-ve thinking) black and white thoughts -> situations are only good or bad thoughts of suicide indecisiveness
40
what is OCD
anixety disorder obsessions- thoughts compulsions- behaviours 1.2% uk pop
41
what are the emotional characteristics of OCD
anxiety/distress low mood/depression guilt/disgust
42
what are the behavioural characteristics of OCD
compulsions -> repetitive behaviour (reduces anxiety) aviodence high anxiety limits interactions
43
what are the cognitive characteristics of OCD
obsessive/ intrusive thoughts cognitive coping strategies conscious awareness to irrational compulsions and obsessions selective attention
44
how are phobias explained
behaviourist approach, classical conditioning (aquisition) and operant conditioning (maintanence)
45
what model uses the behaviourist approach to explain phobias
Mowrer's two step process model
46
what is stimulus generalisation
anxiety of 1 stimulus is generalised to similar objects/situations
47
what is higher order conditioning
phobics relate other situations/stimuli of the original fear through -ve reinforcement parks associated with fear of dogs
48
what are the 2 behavioural treatments of phobias
systematic desensitisation flooding
49
what happens in systematic desensitisation
1) fear hierarchy 2) relaxation training (breathing and muscle relaxation) 3) graduated exposure over sessions must fully relax to move on in vitro: imagine in vivo: real exposure
50
what is reciprocal inhibition in treating phobias
fear and relaxation cannot exist at the same time, so specific relaxation techniques remove anxiety completely
51
weakness of systematic desensitisation
can improve the root cause but predisposition to a phobias could be transferred between CRASKE AND BARLOE doesn't reduce social or complex phobias, causing relapse after 6months with agoraphobia
52
what is flooding
exposure occurs all at once and taught relaxation techniques 1) until no response as fear has a limited physical response 2) unlearn connection as cannot leave due to fear being replased with relaxation
53
what does the cognitive approach suggest about abnormality
that it is caused by irrational thought processes such as how we perceive people, reason and judge
54
what are the two explanations of depression
Beck's negative triad Ellis's ABC model
55
how does Beck's negative triad explain depression
its a cycle of faulty thought processes: - negative thoughts of self - negative thoughts on future - negative thoughts of the world
56
what does depression stem from in beck's triad
negative schemas which makes them interpret self in a negative way
57
what does it mean by an inept schema
an expectation of failure
58
what does it mean by self-blame schema
feeling responsible for misfortunes
59
how are negative schemas maintained
arbitrary inference minimisation over generalisation
60
what is arbitrary inference
draw conclusions without evidence
61
what is minimisation
minimising the positive events in life
62
what is over generalisation
conclusions based on a single event
63
what does ellis's ABC model stand for
activating event beliefs about event consequences (OF B) leads to negative behaviour
64
what causes leads to depression in ellis's ABC model
faulty/ irrational beliefs
65
what is CBT
treatment for depression that challenges irrational thoughts to improve behaviour
66
how is CBT used in treating depression
1) identify negative thinking patterns (self report methods) 2) challenge thoughts present alternatives 3) learn skills to change thoughts 4) follow up
67
what is the genetic explanation of OCD
faulty candidate gene cannot regulate serotonin production faulty SERT gene reduces serotonin levels
68
what does the genetic explanation of ocd suggest
that if you inherited faulty genes you have a genetic predisposition to OCD
69
what did Nedstadt find in relation to genetic explanation of ocd
that first degree relative have a greater vulnerability to the disorder = 12% compared to 3% of general population
70
what is the neural explanation of OCD
damaged caudate nucleus cannot supress signals from the orbital frontal cortex so signal continues to the thalamus thalamus is alerted repeting a worry circuit as the signal repeats going back to the OFC leads to obsessions that need to be carried out by compulsions
71
how does serotonin relate to OCD
low levels can cause anxiety, and cannot inhibit repetitions = compulsions high levels block prevent the repetitions
72
how is OCD treated by the biological approach
using drug treatment SSRI's like prozac
73
how do SSRI's work to treat OCD
blocks re-uptake pump for serotonin on the presynaptic neuron increasing serotonin binding to receptors on postsynaptic this reduces the number of inhibitory receptors causing rapid fire of serotonin increasing levels more
74
when there are less inhibitory receptors of serotonin what is this called
down regulation
75
what are other types of drugs used to treat OCD
valium- boosts GABA strength reducing communication, calming effect beta blockers- block beta receptors in body e.g. heart reducing response to adrenaline and noradernaline

Psychology paper 1 (4 decks)

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