Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychology- Mr Hilditch > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

(68 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Types of memory

A
  • Sensory memory
  • short term memory
  • long term memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sensory memory

A

Initial contact for stimuli. Only capable of retaining memory for very short time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Short term memory

A

Information we are currently aware of /thinking about. Information found in the STM comes from paying attention to sensory memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Long term memory

A

Continual storage of information largely outside of our awareness. Can be called into the working memory to be used when needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 separate stores memory has been split in to

A
  • coding
  • capacity
  • duration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Capacity

A

Amount of information that can be stored in memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Duration

A

How long a memory trace can last

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Coding

A

Information has to be input in memory in some form in which memory trace is created.
E.g. sound, images, meanings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

LTM capacity

A

Potentially unlimited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

STM capacity

A

7+/-2 (9 items)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Knowledge of the digit span test

A
  • Jacobs (1887) assessing capacity
  • found average span for NUMBERS to be 9.3 items
  • found average span for LETTERS to be 7.3 (A decrease)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Positives and negatives of Jacobs digit span test

A

+ supportive empirical evidence
+ gives an average
- could be unethical (E.g. for those with memory loss)
- questions to the methodology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

LTM duration

A

Up to a life-time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

STM duration

A

18seconds
Unless info is rehersed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

3 types of coding

A
  • visually
  • acoustically
  • semantically
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is visual coding

A

Photo recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is acoustic coding

A

Verbally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is semantic coding

A

Giving it a meaning/what it means

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the multistore model

A

Rehearsal
<——————
Attention. Transfer
Sensory store——————> short term memory ——————> long term memory
<———————
Retrieval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Who created the multistore model

A

Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sensory store (register) knowledge

A
  • it is modality specific
  • less than 1/100 of the information which touches the human senses reaches the short term memory
  • constantly receives info but most of this gets no attention
  • if attention is given, it is transferred to STM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 3 stores within the sensory store Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed

A
  • iconic store
  • echoic store
  • haptic store
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Iconic store

A

Where the visual images are kept for a short period (encoded visually)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Echoic store

A

Where auditory senses are kept for a short period (encoded acoustically)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Haptic store
Sensory memory retains physical senses of touch and internal muscle tensions
26
key points of short term memory
- information here will disappear if not rehearsed - old information will disappear if newer information enters the STM = displacement - capacity = 7+/-2 items - duration = 18-30 seconds - encoded = acoustically
27
key points of long term memory
- information is moved from STM to LTM via maintenance rehearsal - initially rehearsal just maintains the information in STM but the more it is rehearsed the longer lasting that memory is - capacity = potentially unlimited - duration = potentially infinite - encoded = semantically - when recalling memories it is retrieved back into the STM
28
Milner case study (1996) key points
- had severe epilepsy - had surgery which removed his hippocampus on both sides of the brain - HM's LTM severely damaged - his STM was still intact - showed it was possible to suffer damage one of the stores of memory with the other remaining relatively unaffected
29
evidence from brain scans - PEEL = strength
p- strength = MSM is supported by evidence from brain scans e- Beardsley (1997) found prefrontal cortex is active in STM and Squire (1992) found hippocampus was active in LTM when engaged e- it provides neuroscientific evidence that there is more than one memory store because different types of memory engage l- increases validity
30
what makes the working memory model
central executive visuospacial episodic phonologial sketch pad buffer loop long term memory
31
what is there no evidence of in the working memory model
the central executive existing
32
what does the visuospatial sketch pad consist of
--> visuocache = stores the information --> innerscribe = actually making the image in your head
33
what does the phonological loop consist of
--> phonological strore = holds info for a second (inner ear) --> articulatory control system = the process that repeats speech like sounds (inner voice)
34
what does the episodic buffer do
stores information and places it in chronological order
35
what are the functions of the central executive
- directs attention to tasks - controls the 'slave system' (other 3 components) - data arrives from the sense or the LTM - has a limited capacity
36
what are the key points of the phonological loop
- limited capacity = 2 seconds worth of information - deals with auditory information - Baddeley (1968) further subdivided in into phonological store and articulatory loop/process
37
what are the key points of the visuospatial sketchpad
- limited capacity - logie (1995) suggested the subdivisions of visual-cache and innerscribe
38
Baddeley & Hitch (1976) aim
to investigate if the participants can use different parts of working memory at the same time
39
Baddeley & Hitch 1976 : method
- ppts asked to perform 2 tasks at the same time - a digit span test and a verbal reasoning test - dual task paradime
40
Baddeley & Hitch 1976 : results
- as number of digits increased in digit span test, ppts took longer to answer the reasoning questions - ppts didn't make any more errors in the verbal reasoning tasks as the number of digits increased
41
Baddeley & Hitch 1976 : conclusion
the verbal reasoning task made use of the central executive and the digit span test made use of the phonological loop
42
key points of the episodic buffer
- a more general store - extra storage system but with limited capacity - interogates information from all other areas - maintains a sense of time
43
who was Tulving and what did he propose
- he was a leading figure in memory research - propsed that there are 3 LTM stores containing quite different information
44
Tulving's 3 LTM stores are....
episodic memory, semantic memory, procedural memory
45
episodic memory
knowledge of personal events
46
semantic memory
general knowledge e.g. facts, dates
47
procedural memory
knowledge of how to do things
48
What are the reasons psychologists believe we forget things/memories
- interference - retrieval failure
49
What is interference
When 2 pieces of information conflict with each other
50
What are the 2 types of interference
- retroactive - proactive
51
Retroactive interference
When a newer memory interferes with an older memory
52
Proactive interference
When an older memory interferes with a newer memory
53
McGeoch & McDonald 1931 - procedure
- studied retroactive interference by changing the amount of similarity between 2 sets of materials which ppts had to recall - ppts learnt a list of words until they could remember it 100% accurately - ppts learnt a new list of either synonyms of list A, nonsense syllables or numbers
54
McGeoch & McDonald 1931 - results
Synonyms = 12% recall Syllables = 26% recall Numbers = 37% recall
55
What did McGeoch & McDonald 1931 study the effect of on memory
The effect of similarity on the memory
56
Baddeley & Hitch 1977 - procedure
- investigated interference effects in a real world setting - rugby players were asked to recall the names of teams they had played over a season - some players had missed games and therefore played less games
57
Baddeley & Hitch 1977 - results
Accurate detail didn’t depend on how long ago the player had the last match but the number of games they played in the mean time
58
Postman 1960 - aim
- To investigate how retroactive interference affects learning
59
Postman 1960 - procedure
- lab experiment - ppts split into 2 groups - both groups had to remember a list of paired words - the experimental group also had to learn another list of words where the second paired word was different - control group weren’t given another list - all ppts were asked to recall the words on the first list
60
Postman 1960 - results
The recall of the control group was more accurate than that of the experimental group
61
Postman 1960 - conclusion
This suggests that learning items in the second list interfered with ppts ability to recall the list this an example of retroactive interference
62
What is retrieval failure
A lack of accessibility rather than availability - this is the failure to find an item of information because of insufficient cues
63
What did Tulvig & Thompson 1973 propose
Proposed the encoding specificity principle - argued that cues are environmental
64
Tulvig & Thompson 1973 - results
Free recall = 40% of words recalled on average Cued recall = 60% of words recalled on average
65
forgetting - context dependant
External environmental cues
66
forgetting - state dependent
Internal cues
67
Carter & Cassaday 1998 - key points
- examined the effects of antihistamine drugs on memory recall - they gave chlorphenirmine to 100ppts and other half given a placebo - they then tested ppts memory by asking them to learn and recall word lists in a drowsy or normal state
68
Carter & Cassaday 1998 - states learnt in (learning - recall)
Drowsy - Drowsy Drowsy - Normal Normal - Drowsy Normal - Normal

Psychology- Mr Hilditch (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions