Memory

Question 1

What are the three-stages information processing model of memory

Answer 1

Encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 2

What is the process of encoding

Answer 2

Getting information into the memory system. This can happen through various modalities, such as visual or auditory stimuli.

Question 3

Which process retains information in the memory system. There are different types of memory stores, including sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Answer 3

Storage

Question 4

What is retrieval?

Answer 4

The process of accessing information from memory. This can be influenced by various factors, such as the strength of the memory trace and the cues available at the time of retrieval

Question 5

What is the Spreading activation (“connectionist”) model of memory?

Answer 5

• The spreading activation model proposes that when a concept is activated, closely related concepts are also activated
• suggest that the activation of one memory can facilitate the retrieval of related memories

Question 6

When we think of a word’s meaning, closely related memory terms also activated

Answer 6

-This is a key idea in the spreading activation model of memory.
-When we think of a word’s meaning, related memories are activated because they are linked in the memory network.

Question 7

What is the baker/Baker and Farmer/farmer

Answer 7

The paradox refers to the finding that people are more likely to remember a word when it has some personal relevance or meaning to them.
This suggests that memory is influenced by factors beyond just the strength of the memory trace.

Question 8

What is the Multi-Store model of memory

Answer 8

This model proposes that memory is made up of different stores that differ in terms of capacity, duration, and encoding.
There are three main stores in this model: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Question 9

Sensory memory

Answer 9

• Iconic
• echoic
• haptic

Question 10

What is sensory memory

Answer 10

Refers to the initial stage of memory processing, where sensory information is briefly held before being passed on to short-term memory

Question 11

What are the different types of sensory memory

Answer 11

• iconic (visual)
• echoic (auditory)
• Haptic (touch)

Question 12

Where is information held temporarily for processing and manipulation

Answer 12

In short term memory, second stage of the memory system

Question 13

How can chunking can be used to improve short-term memory

Answer 13

By grouping information into smaller, more manageable chuncks

Question 14

What are the different types of memory

Answer 14

-recall memory
-flashbulb memory
-panoramic memory

Question 15

what is recall memory

Answer 15

involves retrieving information from memory without any cues or prompts, whereas recognition memory involves identifying previously learned information when presented with a cue or prompt
(ex: writing an essay on a topic from memory without any prompts or notes)

Question 16

What is a flashbulb memory

Answer 16

refers to a vivid and emotionally intense memory of a significant event
( ex: remembering the exact details of where you were when you heard about 9/110

Question 17

what is panoramic memory

Answer 17

refers to the ability to remember details about one’s environment, such as the layout of a room or the color of a person’s clothing
(Being able to recall the layout of a room you were in years ago, including the location of furniture and decorations)

Question 18

A person who suffers damage to their XXXX may have difficulty forming new memories, but may still be able to remember events from before the injury.

Answer 18

Hippocampus

Question 19

what role does the hippocampus plays

Answer 19

in memory formation and retrieval

Question 20

what are eeg pattern

Answer 20

The electrical activity in the brain, measured by electroencephalography, which varies depending on the stage of sleep

Question 21

NREM VS REM

Answer 21

NREM (non-rapid eye movement) and REM (rapid eye movement) are the two main types of sleep, distinguished by different brain activity and physiological responses

Question 22

Provide an example NREM and REM

Answer 22

During NREM sleep, the body and brain slow down, and other is little to no muscle movement or eye movement
During REM sleep, the brain becomes more active and the eyes move rapidly

Question 23

sleep cycles

Answer 23

The repetitive pattern of sleep stages that occur throughout the night, typically lasting 90-120 minutes per cycle

Question 24

What is Borbely’s two-process model

Answer 24

A model of sleep-wake regulation that proposes two processes, one related to homeostatic sleep pressure (Process S) and one related to circadian rhythms (Process C), that interact to regulate sleep

Question 25

What is a homeostatic hourglass oscillator

Answer 25

A component of Borbely’s two-process model, representing Process S, which counts how long we have been asleep or awake and regulates our sleep-wake cycle accordingly

Question 26

Homeostatic hourglass oscillator

Answer 26

A component of Borbely’s two-process model, representing Process S, which counts how long we have been asleep or awake and regulated our sleep-wake cycle accordingly.

Question 27

Circadian pacemaker SCN

Answer 27

The circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the brain helps regulate our sleep-wake cycles by responding to external cues, such as light and dark

Question 28

What is inertia

Answer 28

Sleep inertia can be especially pronounced in individuals who have been in deep sleep or REM sleep, and may impair cognitive and physical performance upon waking

Question 29

Wake maintenance zone

Answer 29

Period of time just before usual sleep time when it is difficult to fall asleep and alertness is relatively high

Question 30

What is the three-stage information processing model of memory?

Answer 30

Encoding, storage, retrieval