Memory Flashcards

Question

primacy effect

Answer 1

tendency to remember words at the beginning of the list

Answer 2

tendency to remember words at the end of the list

Answer 3

- words at the beginning are remembered more as they've been rehearsed and gone into the LTM (primary) - words at the end of a list are remembered more as they've been heard recently and are in the STM (recency)

Answer 4

A: to investigate if memory of words was affected by where the words were positioned in the list M: -words from the 4,000 most common words in english were chosen randomly -participants listened to 20 word lists (with 10-40 words on them) -they recalled the words after each list R: -recall was related to the position of the word in the list -higher recall=first few words (primacy) -higher recall=the last words (recency) compared to words in the middle of the list C: -shows the serial position effect=position of a word determines the likelihood of recall -supports the MSM

Answer 5

P- it was carried out in laboratory conditions E- things like familiarity of words could be controlled L- more certain that the position of the words affected recall

Answer 6

P- task was artificial E- list of words=relates to only 1 type of memory L- results don't relate to how we use our memories in other ways (personal events)

Answer 7

P- research with amnesiacs supports the conclusion E- Carlesimo et al found that some amnesiacs can't store long term memories and don't show a primacy effect but show a recency effect L- proves that primacy effect is related to LTM

Answer 8

A:to investigate whether people's memory for a story is affected by previous knowledge (schemas) and the extent to which memory is reconstructive M:-Bartlett gave British participants a Native American Folk story to read (culture different from their own) called "War of Ghosts" -after 15 minutes he asked them to reproduce the story to another person who then has to recall it to someone else (Chinese whisperers) -each time the story was reproduced a record was made, he asked them again and again over a period of months and years (serial production) R: -main idea of story was remembered -changed unfamiliar elements to make sense of the story using more familiar terms to their cultural expectations eg= -shortened by omissions -phrases were changed to language and concepts from the participants' own culture (boat->canoe) -slight variations C: -our memory isn't an exact copy of what we hear -distorted by what we already know about the world -people don't remember details, we remember fragments and use our knowledge of social situations to reconstruct memory

Answer 9

P- explains problems with eye witness testimony E- this research showed memory is affected by expectations showing that people don't always recall accurately L- EWT is no longer solely relied on as evidence in criminal investigations

Answer 10

P- reflects how we use memory in our everyday life E- uses a story instead of artificial materials L- findings are more relevant to real life memory processes

Answer 11

P- not all memories are reconstructed E- participants often recalled "something black came out of his mouth" because it was distinctive L- shows some memories are accurate

Answer 12

- memory is an active process. we store fragments of information and when we need to recall something we build these fragments into a meaningful whole however some elements are missing and is not accurate - we record small pieces of information when events occur. later during recall we recombine the pieces to tell the story, every time we retell the story the elements are combined differently (reconstruction) - when recombining pieces of information they can be impacted to what we believe to be true therefore social and cultural expectations may influence our memory - effort after meaning: we focus on the meaning of events and afterwards we make an effort to interpret the meaning in more familiar terms

Answer 13

P- wrong to suggest all memories are inaccurate E- other studies have shown that sometimes memory can be accurate. (Brewer + Treyens Skull was remembered even tho it dosent fit in with the idea of an office) L- shows that people don't always actively construct memories and that some memories are accurate

Answer 14

P- Bartlett's supporting evidence way of investigating memory reflects how we use memory in everyday life E- he had his participants learn a story rather than using artificial tasks like word lists L- therefore his research is more relevant to real-life memory processes

Answer 15

P- can explain issues with eye witness testimony E- eye witness testimonies used to be regarded as important/valuable evidence however, Bartlett showed that our memory isn't always accurate and can be affected by our expectations. due to this it is no longer heavily relied on L- shows that Bartlett's research had important consequences

Answer 16

- interference - context - false memories

Answer 17

- form of regretting - when 2 memories compete with each other, one memory may prevent us from accessing the other memory (likely when info is similar)

Answer 18

when you forget the new information because the older information is already stored and interferes with new memories

Answer 19

when you forget the old information because the new information interferes with the accuracy of the old memories

Answer 20

A: to investigate if a second activity has an effect on the accuracy of memory M: -12 participants -5 different kinds of lists were shown to the participants-->each had to learn the 10 words from one list until memorized and were then given a new list of varying types (eg.synonyms, antonyms, unrelated, nonsense syllables, 3 digit numbers and no new list) R: -memory was affected by the second list -synonyms had least accurate recall -participants who weren't given a new list had the best recall C: interference affects memory and is strongest when an intervening activity is similar

Answer 21

situation in which an event or memory happens and can act as a cue to recall memories

Answer 22

A: to investigate if context improves recall M: -18 participants were members of a diving club -divers had to listen to a list of 36 unrelated words either on the beach (dry) or under water (wet) -they were tested after 4 minutes to see how many words they could recall on beach or underwater R:-recall was highest in the same environment for learning and for recall -accurate recall was 40% lower in non-matching conditions C: context of learning acts as a trigger or cue when trying to remember the information (context enhances accuracy of memory)

Answer 23

- memory is an active process - memories can be reconstructed because we record small pieces of information and when recalling we build up the fragments into a meaningful who so elements can missing or incorrect - effort after meaning:we make an effort to interpret them meaning in more familiar terms - our memories can also be influenced by what we expect to be true and can be transformed to fit our cultural and social influences

Answer 24

A: to see if false memories could be created in participants M:-4 stories about childhood events where 3 were true (given from relatives) and 1 was false (about getting lost in a shopping mall-->story was crafted to each individual to make it more realistic) were given to the participants -they were told to read each story and write down what they remembered about each event R: 6/24 (25%) of participants recalled the story fully or partially C: imagining an event can implant a false memory in a person which reduces the accuracy of memory

Memory Flashcards

(48 cards)