MEMORY

Question 1

Suppose you want to study the relationship between stress and academic performance among college students. You measure their stress levels by using a questionnaire and their academic performance using their GPA. You then calculate the correlation coefficient between these two variables.

What type of research method are you using?

a) Experimental
b) Correlational
c) Descriptive
d) Qualitative

Answer 1

b) Correlational

Question 2

What is the difference between recall and recognition tasks?

a) In recall, a person produces an item from memory; in recognition, a person identifies an item as being familiar
b) In recall, a person identifies an item as being familiar; in recognition, a person produces an item from memory
c) In recall, a person remembers arbitrary information; in recognition, a person remembers meaningful information
d) In recall, a person remembers meaningful information; in recognition, a person remembers arbitrary information

Answer 2

a) In recall, a person produces an item from memory; in recognition, a person identifies an item as being familiar

Question 3

Which of the following research methods would be best for studying how people think in everyday situations?

a) Self-reports
b) Case studies
c) Naturalistic observations
d) Psychobiological studies

Answer 3

c) Naturalistic observations

Question 4

Which of the following models of memory is the most recent?

a) Traditional Model
b) Levels-of-Processing Model
c) Integrative Model
d) None of the above

Answer 4

c) Integrative Model

Question 5

What does the correlation coefficient tell you about the relationship between two variables?

a) The cause and effect of the relationship
b) The direction and strength of the relationship
c) The frequency and duration of the relationship
d) The validity and reliability of the relationship

Answer 5

b) The direction and strength of the relationship

Question 6

What type of recall task is most likely to be affected by interference from other items?

a) Serial recall
b) Free recall
c) Cued recall
d) Recognition

Answer 6

a) Serial recall

Question 7

You are trying to remember a phone number that someone just told you. Which storage area of memory are you using?

a) Sensory memory
b) Short-term memory
c) Long-term memory
d) Working memory

Answer 7

b) Short-term memory

Question 8

You are in a car accident and you lose your memory of what happened before the crash. Which type of amnesia do you have?

a) Retrograde amnesia
b) Anterograde amnesia
c) Transient global amnesia
d) Post-traumatic amnesia

Answer 8

a) Retrograde amnesia

Question 9

You are watching a movie and you remember the name of the actor who plays the main character. Which type of explicit memory are you using?

a) Semantic memory
b) Episodic memory
c) Procedural memory
d) None of the above

Answer 9

a) Semantic memory

Question 10

You are a psychobiological researcher and you want to study how brain damage affects memory. You have access to the brain scans of a patient who suffered a stroke and lost his ability to form new memories. Which of the following techniques would you use to analyze his brain?

a) Techniques for studying an individual’s brain postmortem
b) Techniques for studying images showing structures of or activities in the brain of an individual who is known to have a particular cognitive deficit
c) Techniques for obtaining information about cerebral processes during the normal performance of a cognitive activity

Answer 10

b) Techniques for studying images showing structures of or activities in the brain of an individual who is known to have a particular cognitive deficit

Question 11

Which of the following research methods is an in-depth study of an individual or a small group of individuals?

a) Self-reports
b) Case studies
c) Naturalistic observation
d) Psychobiological studies

Answer 11

b) Case studies

Question 12

What is the difference between early-onset and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease?

a) Early-onset Alzheimer’s disease occurs before 50 years of age; late- onset Alzheimer’s disease occurs after 65 years of age
b) Early-onset Alzheimer’s disease is linked to a genetic mutation; late- onset Alzheimer’s disease is not
c) Early-onset Alzheimer’s disease affects episodic memory; late-onset Alzheimer’s disease affects semantic memory
d) Both a and b

Answer 12

(NOT SURE)

d) Both a and b

Question 13

You are studying for an exam and you want to encode the information in your memory. What should you do?

a) Repeat the information over and over
b) Relate the information to something you already know
c) Write the information down on a paper
d) Highlight the important parts of the information

Answer 13

b) Relate the information to something you already know

Question 14

Which areas of the brain are involved in explicit memory storage?

a) Hippocampus, neocortex, and amygdala
b) Basal ganglia and cerebellum
c) Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
d) Neocortex and basal ganglia

Answer 14

a) Hippocampus, neocortex, and amygdala

Question 15

What is the main difference between the Levels-of-Processing Model and the Traditional Model of memory?

a) The Levels-of-Processing Model focuses on how information is encoded; the Traditional Model focuses on how information is stored
b) The Levels-of-Processing Model focuses on how information is stored; the Traditional Model focuses on how information is encoded
c) The Levels-of-Processing Model assumes that memory varies along a continuous dimension; the
Traditional Model assumes that memory comprises three separate stores

Answer 15

c) The Levels-of-Processing Model assumes that memory varies along a continuous dimension; the
Traditional Model assumes that memory comprises three separate stores

Question 16

You are taking a history test and you have to write down the names of the presidents of the United States in chronological order. Which type of recall task are you performing?

a) Serial recall
b) Free recall
c) Cued recall
d) Recognition

Answer 16

a) Serial recall

Question 17

You are in a lecture and the professor is explaining the types of memory. Which type of memory is the professor explaining when they mention “information we are currently aware of or thinking about”?

a) Sensory memory
b) Short-term memory
c) Long-term memory
d) Procedural memory

Answer 17

b) Short-term memory

Question 18

Which model of memory differentiates among structures for holding information, termed stores, and the information stored in the structures, termed memory?

a) Traditional Model
b) Levels-of-Processing Model
c) Integrative Model
d) None of the above

Answer 18

a) Traditional Model

Question 19

Which type of memory is the earliest stage of memory?

a) Sensory memory
b) Short-term memory
c) Long-term memory
d) Procedural memory

Answer 19

a) Sensory memory

Question 20

How long does most of the information stored in active memory last?

a) Less than a second
b) A few seconds
c) A few minutes
d) A few hours

Answer 20

b) A few seconds

Question 20

Which type of memory holds information permanently?

a) Primary memory
b) Secondary memory
c) Short-term store
d) Long-term store

Answer 20

b) Secondary memory

Question 21

Why is research important in cognitive psychology?

a) It helps professionals approach the treatment of mental illness, traumatic brain injury, and degenerative diseases.
b) It allows psychologists to develop new ways of helping people deal with psychological difficulties.
c) It helps researchers gain a deeper understanding of how the human brain works.
d) All of the above.

Answer 21

d) All of the above.

Question 22

Why are correlational studies often the method of choice when researchers do not want to deceive their subjects by using manipulations in an experiment or when they are interested in factors that cannot be manipulated ethically?

a) Because correlational studies are easier and cheaper to conduct than experiments
b) Because correlational studies allow researchers to observe natural phenomena without interfering with them
c) Because correlational studies provide more accurate and generalizable results than experiments

Answer 22

b) Because correlational studies allow researchers to observe natural phenomena without interfering with them

Question 22

You are studying for an exam and you try to understand the meaning and implications of the material rather than just memorizing it. Which level of processing are you using?

a) Shallow
b) Intermediate
c) Deep
d) None of the above

Answer 22

c) Deep

Question 23

What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory tasks?

a) Explicit memory tasks involve conscious recollection; implicit memory tasks do not
b) Explicit memory tasks do not involve conscious recollection; implicit memory tasks do
c) Explicit memory tasks measure skills and knowledge; implicit memory tasks measure cultural experiences
d) Explicit memory tasks measure cultural experiences; implicit memory tasks measure skills and knowledge

Answer 23

a) Explicit memory tasks involve conscious recollection; implicit memory tasks do not

Question 24

You are taking a test and you need to recall the information that you studied. Which process of memory are you using?

a) Acquiring information
b) Retaining information
c) Retrieving information
d) Deleting information

Answer 24

c) Retrieving information

Question 25

What is the difference between semantic and episodic memory?

a) Semantic memory stores general word knowledge; episodic memory stores personally experienced events
b) Semantic memory stores personally experienced events; episodic memory stores general word knowledge
c) Semantic memory stores information for a long time; episodic memory stores information for a short time
d) Semantic memory stores information for a short time; episodic memory stores information for a long time

Answer 25

a) Semantic memory stores general word knowledge; episodic memory stores personally experienced events

Question 26

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

a) A syndrome associated with memory loss
b) A disease of older adults that causes dementia and progressive memory loss
c) A special kind of Alzheimer’s disease that is linked to a genetic mutation
d) None of the above

Answer 26

b) A disease of older adults that causes dementia and progressive memory loss

Question 26

Which type of memory is referred to as the preconscious and unconscious in Freudian psychology?

a) Sensory memory
b) Short-term memory
c) Long-term memory
d) Working memory

Answer 26

c) Long-term memory

Question 26

Why is it important to provide culture-relevant tests for measuring intelligence?

a) Because culture-relevant tests are more accurate and fair than culture-biased tests
b) Because culture-relevant tests are more valid and reliable than culture-biased tests
c) Because culture-relevant tests reflect the skills and knowledge that relate to the cultural experiences of the test-takers
d) Because culture-relevant tests reduce the influence of quickness on intelligence scores

Answer 26

c) Because culture-relevant tests reflect the skills and knowledge that relate to the cultural experiences of the test-takers

Question 27

What is the role of computer simulations in cognitive psychology?

a) They help the researchers program computers to imitate a given human function or process
b) They help researchers test hypotheses and theories about human cognition
c) They help researchers create artificial intelligence systems that can perform human tasks
d) They help researchers understand the neural basis of human cognition

Answer 27

(INCORRECT)

a) They help the researchers program computers to imitate a given human function or process

(NOT SURE)

b) They help researchers test hypotheses and theories about human cognition

Question 28

You are listening to a song on the radio and you start to hum along the lyrics without realizing it. Which type of memory are you using?

a) Explicit memory
b) Implicit memory
c) Recognition memory
d) Recall memory

Answer 28

b) Implicit memory

Question 29

What are the two kinds of variables in an experiment?

a) Dependent and independent variables
b) Controlled and uncontrolled variables
c) Experimental and non-experimental variables
d) None of the above

Answer 29

a) Dependent and independent variables

Question 29

What is the role of working memory in the Integrative Model of memory?

a) It holds only the most recently activated portion of long-term memory
b) It moves activated elements into and out of brief, temporary memory storage
c) It views short-term and long-term memory from a different perspective
d) All of the above

Answer 29

d) All of the above

Question 30

Which of the following research methods involves an individual’s own account of cognitive processes?

a) Self-reports
b) Case studies
c) Naturalistic observation
d) Individual experiments

Answer 30

a) Self-reports

Question 31

What is the term for someone who demonstrates extraordinarily keen memory ability?

a) Mnemonist
b) Synesthete
c) Memory champion
d) None of the above

Answer 31

a) Mnemonist

Question 31

What is the main goal of psychobiological research?

a) To study the relationship between cognitive performance and cerebral events and structures
b) To study the effects of drugs and hormones on cognitive performance and cerebral events and structures
c) To study the genetic and environmental factors that influence cognitive performance and cerebral events and structures

Answer 31

a) To study the relationship between cognitive performance and cerebral events and structures

Question 31

In what setting is a controlled experimental design usually conducted?

a) In a laboratory setting
b) In a natural setting
c) In a field setting
d) None of the above

Answer 31

a) In a laboratory setting

Question 32

What is the main goal of research?

a) To gather data
b) To test hypotheses
c) To develop theories
d) All of the above

Answer 32

d) All of the above

Question 33

You are studying for a test on memory and need to remember where memories are stored in the brain. Which of the following areas of the brain is NOT involved in memory storage?

a) Amygdala
b) Neocortex
c) Prefrontal cortex
d) Hippocampus

Answer 33

c) Prefrontal cortex