Memory

Question 1

What is encoding?

Answer 1

The process by which we get information into our brains.

Question 2

What is automatic processing?

Answer 2

When we try to remember things that we put no effort into remembering.

Question 3

What is effortful processing?

Answer 3

This is when we try to remember things that we put effort into remembering.

Question 4

Is material better remembered when we make it less meaningful?

Answer 4

False.

Question 5

What is semantic encoding?

Answer 5

When we encode words and their meaning.

Question 6

What is visual encoding?

Answer 6

The encoding of images.

Question 7

What is acoustic encoding?

Answer 7

The encoding of sound.

Question 8

Which encoding is stored/ processed best?

Answer 8

Semantic encoding.

Question 9

What is storage?

Answer 9

The creation of a permanent record of information.

Question 10

What are the three distinct stages of memory? Give the amount of time they stay.

Answer 10

• Sensory memory (only a couple of seconds).
• Short-term memory (15 seconds, rehearsal moves information from short-term memory to long-term memory)
• Long-term memory (continuous storage of information)

Question 11

What is semantic encoding of memory?

Answer 11

It is the idea that information is stored in a way that everything is connected in a network. When we access one part of the semantic memory, the others become partially activated.

Question 12

What is explicit long-term memory?

Answer 12

These are things that we constantly try to remember.

Question 13

What are the two kinds of explicit long-term memory?

Answer 13

Episodic memory
Semantic memory

Question 14

What is episodic memory? (Explicit LTM)

Answer 14

Things that we have experienced personally.

Question 15

What is semantic memory? (Explicit LTM)

Answer 15

These are facts and knowledge about the world.

Question 16

What is implicit LTM?

Answer 16

These are long term memories that are not a part of out consciousness.

Question 17

What are the three types of implicit LTM?

Answer 17

• Procedural
• Priming
• Emotional Conditioning

Question 18

What is retrieval?

Answer 18

The act of getting information out of memory and into conscious awareness.

Question 19

What is maintenance rehearsal?

Answer 19

This is the process of repeating information mentally out loud with the intention of keeping it in short term memory.

Question 20

What is chunking?

Answer 20

The process of organizing information into smaller groups.

Question 21

What are the steps of retrieving memory?

Answer 21

• Encode
• Stored
• Retrieved

Question 22

What is elaborative encoding?

Answer 22

A way of processing information which makes it more meaningful. This makes it easier to remember.

Question 23

What is the spacing effect?

Answer 23

Learning is better when it is spread out over a period of time.

Question 24

What is context dependent learning?

Answer 24

The idea that retrieval is better when asked to recall when asked in the same environment where encoding occurred.

Question 25

What is state-dependent learning?

Answer 25

Refers to the increase in retrieval when the the person is in the same psychological or physiological state as when the encoding occurred.

Question 26

What is the serial position curve?

Answer 26

It is the curve that describes that retrieval is better with things that are taught at the beginning (primary effect) and at the end (recency effect).

Question 27

What is retroactive interference?

Answer 27

When learning something new impairs our ability to remember earlier information.

Question 28

What is proactive interference?

Answer 28

When prior information affects our ability to encode new information.

Question 29

What are shcemas?

Answer 29

These are memory categories/ networks.

Question 30

What is long-term potentaion?

Answer 30

The strengthening of neural links between neurons to improve memory.

Question 31

What is amnesia?

Answer 31

Amnesia is a neurological disorder that impairs a persons ability to recall information.

Question 32

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 32

Inability to recall events that happened before the accident.

Question 33

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 33

Inability to transfer information from short term memory to long term memory. Impossible to learn new things. (damage to hippocampus, H.M.)

Question 34

What is suggestibility?

Answer 34

Refers to the effect of misinformation from external sources that affects memory.

Question 35

What is the false memory syndrome?

Answer 35

This is when people create entirely new memories. LOFTUS.

Question 36

What is forgetting?

Answer 36

The loss of information from long-term memory.

Question 37

What is heuristic?

Answer 37

A general problem solving network.

Question 38

What is an algorithm?

Answer 38

Step-by-step rules on solving

Question 39

What is trial and error?

Answer 39

This is when we continue trying different methods until one works.

Question 40

What is a mental set?

Answer 40

This is when a person persists on a problem solving method that worked before but clearly wont work now.

Question 41

What is confirmation bias?

Answer 41

A tendency to focus on information that reaffirms current beliefs.

Question 42

What is anchoring bias?

Answer 42

Focusing on one thing while trying to solve a problem.

Question 43

What is hindsight bias?

Answer 43

Believing something is predictable when it wasn't. (coin example)

Question 44

What is representative bias?

Answer 44

Stereotypes.

Question 45

What is availability heuristic?

Answer 45

When we try to find solutions to a problem using the recent information that we learned that is available to us.

Question 46

What is cognitive bias?

Answer 46

Errors in memory that are caused by inappropriate use of cognitive processes.

Question 47

What is source monitoring?

Answer 47

The ability to correctly identify the source of a memory.

Question 48

What is salience?

Answer 48

When certain stimuli grab our attention so they are more likely to be remembered.

Question 49

What is representativeness bias?

Answer 49

When we make a judgement based on how well the event matches our expectations.

Question 50

What is counterfactual thinking?

Answer 50

This is focusing on what could've been. 2nd place silver.

Question 51

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