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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is encoding?

A

The process by which we get information into our brains.

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2
Q

What is automatic processing?

A

When we try to remember things that we put no effort into remembering.

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3
Q

What is effortful processing?

A

This is when we try to remember things that we put effort into remembering.

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4
Q

Is material better remembered when we make it less meaningful?

A

False.

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5
Q

What is semantic encoding?

A

When we encode words and their meaning.

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6
Q

What is visual encoding?

A

The encoding of images.

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7
Q

What is acoustic encoding?

A

The encoding of sound.

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8
Q

Which encoding is stored/ processed best?

A

Semantic encoding.

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9
Q

What is storage?

A

The creation of a permanent record of information.

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10
Q

What are the three distinct stages of memory? Give the amount of time they stay.

A
  • Sensory memory (only a couple of seconds).
  • Short-term memory (15 seconds, rehearsal moves information from short-term memory to long-term memory)
  • Long-term memory (continuous storage of information)
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11
Q

What is semantic encoding of memory?

A

It is the idea that information is stored in a way that everything is connected in a network. When we access one part of the semantic memory, the others become partially activated.

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12
Q

What is explicit long-term memory?

A

These are things that we constantly try to remember.

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13
Q

What are the two kinds of explicit long-term memory?

A

Episodic memory
Semantic memory

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14
Q

What is episodic memory? (Explicit LTM)

A

Things that we have experienced personally.

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15
Q

What is semantic memory? (Explicit LTM)

A

These are facts and knowledge about the world.

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16
Q

What is implicit LTM?

A

These are long term memories that are not a part of out consciousness.

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17
Q

What are the three types of implicit LTM?

A
  • Procedural
  • Priming
  • Emotional Conditioning
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18
Q

What is retrieval?

A

The act of getting information out of memory and into conscious awareness.

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19
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A

This is the process of repeating information mentally out loud with the intention of keeping it in short term memory.

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20
Q

What is chunking?

A

The process of organizing information into smaller groups.

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21
Q

What are the steps of retrieving memory?

A
  • Encode
  • Stored
  • Retrieved
22
Q

What is elaborative encoding?

A

A way of processing information which makes it more meaningful. This makes it easier to remember.

23
Q

What is the spacing effect?

A

Learning is better when it is spread out over a period of time.

24
Q

What is context dependent learning?

A

The idea that retrieval is better when asked to recall when asked in the same environment where encoding occurred.

25
Q

What is state-dependent learning?

A

Refers to the increase in retrieval when the the person is in the same psychological or physiological state as when the encoding occurred.

26
Q

What is the serial position curve?

A

It is the curve that describes that retrieval is better with things that are taught at the beginning (primary effect) and at the end (recency effect).

27
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

When learning something new impairs our ability to remember earlier information.

28
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

When prior information affects our ability to encode new information.

29
Q

What are shcemas?

A

These are memory categories/ networks.

30
Q

What is long-term potentaion?

A

The strengthening of neural links between neurons to improve memory.

31
Q

What is amnesia?

A

Amnesia is a neurological disorder that impairs a persons ability to recall information.

32
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Inability to recall events that happened before the accident.

33
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Inability to transfer information from short term memory to long term memory. Impossible to learn new things. (damage to hippocampus, H.M.)

34
Q

What is suggestibility?

A

Refers to the effect of misinformation from external sources that affects memory.

35
Q

What is the false memory syndrome?

A

This is when people create entirely new memories. LOFTUS.

36
Q

What is forgetting?

A

The loss of information from long-term memory.

37
Q

What is heuristic?

A

A general problem solving network.

38
Q

What is an algorithm?

A

Step-by-step rules on solving

39
Q

What is trial and error?

A

This is when we continue trying different methods until one works.

40
Q

What is a mental set?

A

This is when a person persists on a problem solving method that worked before but clearly wont work now.

41
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

A tendency to focus on information that reaffirms current beliefs.

42
Q

What is anchoring bias?

A

Focusing on one thing while trying to solve a problem.

43
Q

What is hindsight bias?

A

Believing something is predictable when it wasn’t. (coin example)

44
Q

What is representative bias?

A

Stereotypes.

45
Q

What is availability heuristic?

A

When we try to find solutions to a problem using the recent information that we learned that is available to us.

46
Q

What is cognitive bias?

A

Errors in memory that are caused by inappropriate use of cognitive processes.

47
Q

What is source monitoring?

A

The ability to correctly identify the source of a memory.

48
Q

What is salience?

A

When certain stimuli grab our attention so they are more likely to be remembered.

49
Q

What is representativeness bias?

A

When we make a judgement based on how well the event matches our expectations.

50
Q

What is counterfactual thinking?

A

This is focusing on what could’ve been. 2nd place silver.

51
Q

STUDY THE SCREENSHOTS ON THE DESKTOP!!!!!

A

Psychology (12 decks)

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