Memory Flashcards

Question

What is displacement?

Answer 1

Forgetting through the removal or replacement of a memory trace due to the limited capacity

Answer 2

Forgetting due to the deterioration of a memory trace over time

Answer 3

Braver et al (1997) gave logic and reasoning tasks while brain scanning They found that the left pre frontal cortex was highly active, more so the harder the task When completing visual tasks the right side of the occipital lobe was active

Answer 4

The central executive is limited and lacks credibility, we don’t know how it works or what it does Not a comprehensive model, doesn’t include SM or LTM Doesn’t explain changes in processing that happen over time as a result of rehearsal

Answer 5

Supported by dual task study, brain scanning evidence and case studies (CW and KF) Applies to real life tasks Reading - phonological loop Problem solving - central executive Navigation - visual and spatial processing Shows that there are separate STM components for visual and verbal information

Answer 6

Baddeley added the episodic buffer in 2000 after the model failed to account for some results It was added to act as a backup store and communicates with both of the other components

Answer 7

A temporary store of auditory information Deals with spoken and written materials Phonological store - inner ear, holds information in a speech based form Articulatory processor - inner voice, processes speech production and rehearses info from the phonological store Can hold 2 seconds of speech

Answer 8

Temporary store of visual and spatial information and processes in that form Limited duration and capacity (4 items) Visual cache - visual data Inner scribe - spatial arrangement

Answer 9

Integrates all forms of information and maintains sequencing Limited to 4 chunks

Answer 10

The director of attention and decision maker Has a small capacity

Answer 11

Participants recalled stimuli before they enter the STM disproving the MSM

Answer 12

It is non structured Memory is a by product of depth of processing

Answer 13

Exceptionally vivid memories Usually of important events with emotional significance Resistant to forgetting over time

Answer 14

He suffered damage to his LTM but his STM was intact but he cannot recall the doctors he has been seeing for years He was taught mirror drawing showing he still has procedural memory

Answer 15

He suffered damage to his LTM meaning he couldn’t form new LTMs His STM is very short He still has his procedural LTM and can play piano

Answer 16

When given two lists of the same characteristics participants chose the list with better characteristics at the top

Answer 17

Glazner and Cuntiz showed that when presented with a list of words participants remember the first few and the last few This supports the idea of separate memory stores The first few go into the LTM - primary effect The last few go into the STM - recency effect

Answer 18

Atkinson and Shiffrin 1986

Answer 19

Separarte unitary memory stores Linear flow of information Transferred by attention and rehearsal

Answer 20

392 high school graduates aged 17-74 were split into 2 groups Group one (recognition) were given the yearbook pictures and a list of names and asked to match them Group two (free recall) were asked to name the people without a list

Answer 21

The duration of the LTM is potentially infinite LTM is more accurate when tested by recognition rather than free recall

Answer 22

Involves knowing that (facts)

Answer 23

Involves knowing how to do things including skills

Answer 24

Responsible for knowing how to do things (memory of motor skills) Does not involve conscious thought

Answer 25

Responsible for storing information about the world including general knowledge

Answer 26

Responsible for storing information about events we have experienced Involves conscious thought and is declarative

Answer 27

Potentially infinite

Answer 28

Potentially infinite

Answer 29

24 psychology students had to recall meaningless trigrams at different time intervals To prevent rehearsals the students had to count backwards in threes or fours from a specific number

Answer 30

The longer the interval the less accurate the recall At 3 seconds 80% of trigrams were correctly recalled at 18 seconds only 10% were correctly recalled

Answer 31

The STM has a limited duration of 18 seconds If we are unable to rehearse information it wont be passed from the STM to the LTM providing support for the multi store model

Answer 32

He gave participants a list of acoustically similar words and non acoustically similar words The acoustically similar words were recalled better showing the STM is encoded acoustically

Answer 33

Getting information out of storage

Answer 34

The nature of memory stores (where the information is stored and how long it lasts)

Answer 35

An early stage of the learning process when a response is established

Answer 36

He found the capacity of the STM to be around 4 chunks meaning the upper end of Miller’s range is not supported by evidence

Answer 37

He used a span test with all letters and number excluding ‘w’ and ‘7’ People found it easier to recall numbers (4.3) than letters (7.3)

Answer 38

In 1956 Miller suggested that the capacity of the STM is 7+-2 If we chunk information we can hold more in the STM

Answer 39

18-30 seconds

Answer 40

The process of acquisition, storage and retrieval of information

Answer 41

All sensory experience (very large)

Answer 42

1/4 - 1/2 second

Answer 43

Sense specific

Answer 44

Memories become altered or distorted because they combine information from other witnesses with their own memories - the memory is changed

Answer 45

Witnesses go along with each other to win social approval or because they think the others are right - the memory is changed

Answer 46

Participants were asked to do two tasks at the same time (digit span and verbal reasoning) As the number of digits increased participants took longer to answer verbal reasoning The tasks used different areas of- verbal reasoning tasks use central executive and digit span uses phonological loop

Answer 47

Participants were given 2 types of false information: they shook hand with bugs bunny and shook hands with Ariel (both impossible events) Confidence they had shaken hands: Ariel = 76% Bugs bunny = 78% Factual (control) = 62% Autobiographical advertising can create false memories and make consumers more likely to believe an event happened These results support reconstructive memory

Answer 48

45 American students watched 7 films of a traffic accident ranging from 5-30 seconds and were then asked to describe what happened They were asked specific question (e.g. how fast were the cars going when they crashed?) The IV was the wording of the question and the DV was the speed they responded with

Answer 49

Smashed = 40.8mph Collided = 39.3mph Bumped = 38.1mph Hit = 34mph Contacted = 31.8mph The verb conveyed an impression of the speed the car was travelling and this altered the participants perceptions

Answer 50

There are two reasons for biased eye witness testimony: 1) response bias factors - the misleading information may have influenced the answer given (e.g. the critical words ‘’smashed’’ influenced response) 2) the memory representation is altered - the critical verb changes a persons perception of the accident, and this perception is stored with the persons memory of the event

Answer 51

G - cannot be generalised R - reliable A - used everyday in the real world V - lacks ecological E - distressing

Answer 52

150 American students were shown a 1 minute film of a traffic accident and were then questioned (question was the IV) 50 asked how fast was the car going when they hit 50 asked how fast was the car going when they smashed 50 not asked any questions One week they were asked if there was any broken glass (there was not) Participants who were asked how fast the cars were going when they smashed were more likely to say yes to broken glass This suggests the effect is not just due to response bias because the leading questions alter the memory

Answer 53

The addition of false details to a memory of an event

Answer 54

During a stressful event, we automatically narrow attention to the details that are the source of the arousal. Narrowed attention, combined with heightened processing of the critical details, results in poorer memory of peripheral details

Answer 55

When in a stressful situation involving a weapon a person is likely to focus solely on the weapon and ignore other details

Answer 56

Participants were asked to take part in a lab study and while they were sat waiting they heard an argument in the next room. Group one saw a man leave carrying a greasy pen and group two heard smashing glass and saw the man carrying a bloody knife. All participants were asked to pick the man out from a line up. Group one was 49% accurate and group two was 33% accurate. This shows that stress makes it more difficult to focus out attention and to think clearly supporting tunnel theory.

Answer 57

They showed slides of participants in a restaurant. In one version, the customer was holding a gun and in the other a check book. People who saw the gun focused more on it meaning they were less likely to identify the customer in a parade

Answer 58

A thief entered a hair dressers in one of four conditions. Witness identification was least accurate in high surprise but no threat. She argued that weapon focus effect is not about anxiety but surprise undermining tunnel vision theory

Answer 59

58 witnesses to a Swedish bank robbery were questioned several months later. Recall was at 75%+. The victims (workers) had more accurate recall than bystanders showing that anxiety increases recall accuracy

Answer 60

13 eye witnesses to a Canadian robbery in which the thief was shot dead were interviewed several months later were compared with original police interviews. Witnesses were asked to rate their stress and if they had emotional issues since. They were very accurate: high stress 88% and low stress 75% showing that anxiety increases recall accuracy

Answer 61

This theory is ok at normal levels of cognitive anxiety but is also an oversimplification. At high cognitive anxiety there is a catastrophic drop in performance so cognitive anxiety may be inversely related to self confidence meaning the catastrophe model is a more appropriate explanation for the role of anxiety in EWT

Answer 62

The evidence is inconsistent, to a point high anxiety has a positive effect on memory but it can also have a negative effect. This led to Deffenbacher arguing that the best way to show this is a curve called Yerkes and Dodson Law, moderate anxiety is good for memory but very low or extreme anxiety reduces performance

Answer 63

At high cognitive anxiety there is a catastrophic drop off in performance Individual differences also mean that it is difficult to achieve a general theory since personality differs so much between individuals

Answer 64

Is an evidence based technique used to enhance the retrieval of information about a crime scene from memory and was developed by Geiselman et al in 1985 and it takes into account findings about cue and state dependent forgetting

Answer 65

Mental reinstatement Change the order Report everything Change perspective

Answer 66

The witness should try to ‘revisit the crime scene’ in their minds and imagine the environment, their feelings and so on. This is based on the theory of context and state dependent forgetting

Answer 67

The witness should try to recall the event out of sequence, such as in reverse order. This prevents schemas and expectations affecting the statement and stops dishonesty

Answer 68

The witness should share every minor detail they can think of, even if they do not think it is relevant. This may cue other memories, due to the associative nature of our memory

Answer 69

The witness should try to recall the event from the point of view of another person involved. This prevents past experience and schemas from influencing recall

Answer 70

Improves comprehension Reduces ambiguity Enhances communication Enhances STM recall Retrieves accurate and thorough recall Provides structure to the interview process Leads to a more relaxed interview environment

Answer 71

More time consuming Police have limited time and resources Specialist training is required to deliver it Most forces have not been able to adequately provide this

Answer 72

Procedure: Participants watched a film of a violent crime and were interviewed 48 hours later using either the CI, the standard interview or hypnosis. The number of errors and correct facts was recorded. Findings: The average number of correctly recalled facts for CI was 41.2, for hypnosis it was 38 and for the standard interview it was 29.4. There was no significant difference in the number of errors. Conclusion: The cognitive interview leads to better memory of events with witnesses recalling more relevant information.

Answer 73

He trained detectives from the Miami police department to use the CI. Their interviews were then videotaped and the total number of statements was scored. A second eyewitness was then asked to confirm whether these were true or false. Compared to the standard procedure used, the cognitive interview produced a 46% increase in recall and 90% in accuracy. These findings suggest that the CI is more effective than the standard interview, producing higher recall and reducing errors.

Answer 74

Young children can become confused by some of the processes used e.g. reporting things in reverse order. Developmental psychologists have suggested that children can not perspective take until 5 years old.

Answer 75

Older (average 72) participants benefited significantly more from the CI than younger years (average 22). This suggests that the CI is a useful technique when used selectively.

Answer 76

Many police officers don’t use the CI in less serious crimes and they do not have the time. This means that there is likely no standardised application of the CI meaning establishing its real effectiveness is nearly impossible