memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

is the capacity to retain and receive information.
- it’s not a recording device that makes exact copies.
- Always a reconstruction of things that have already occurred.

Question 2

(Basic of 3-stage Model)

Answer 2

encoding, storage and retrieval

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

-Brief seconds
- We transform what we perceive, think or feel into an enduring memory.

Question 4

Storage

Answer 4

• retaining that information
• Process of maintaining information in memory overtime.

Question 5

Retrieval

Answer 5

• Process of bringing to mind information has been previously encoded and stored.

Question 6

What does the hippocampus do?

Answer 6

• index information, index and system not to store memory.

Question 7

The two theories of how memory works

Answer 7

• information processing model
• Parallel distributed processing model

Question 8

What is the information processing model?

Answer 8

Information passes through three memory stores during encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Question 9

what is parallel distributed-processing model?

Answer 9

• information is represented in the brain as a pattern of activation across entire neural network.
• memories are stored in a network of associations through our brains.

Question 10

Information processing model’s three different stores. First store

Answer 10

• sensory memory
• First stimulus from the environment enters sensory memory. Purpose and sensory information. Duration about 1/2 for a visual.
  2/4 sec for auditory. Capacity- Large.

Question 11

information processing model. (second store)

Answer 11

• Working memory. Purpose is to hold information temporarily for analysis.
  Duration is up to 30 seconds without rehearsal. Capacity- limited to 5-9 items

Question 12

information processing model (third store.)

Answer 12

• Long-term memory
• The purpose: permanent storage
• Duration is permanent
• Capacity is relatively unlimited

Question 13

what does encoding mean?

Answer 13

Getting information into memory. The rule of attention is to filter out things you want to focus on.
- Focussing awareness.
- selective attention=selection of input

Question 14

During information processing model, if we pay attention, information enters our…

Answer 14

Working (short-term) memory which old information for 30 seconds capacity is 5-9 items

Question 15

two ways to encode

Answer 15

-automatic processing
- Effortful processing

Question 16

what is automatic processing?

Answer 16

You remember something without much conscious awareness, or effort.

Question 17

what is effortful processing?

Answer 17

When you remember something with careful attention, and conscious effort. Exams, for example.

Question 18

Types of encoding

Answer 18

• Phonological
• Visual
• Semanic

Question 19

What is phonological encoding?

Answer 19

encoding based on sound.

Question 20

What is visual encoding?

Answer 20

encoding based on how the information looks. Photographic memory, for example.

Question 21

what is semantic encoding?

Answer 21

Encoding based on the meaning of the information.
- Process on the meaning
- What something means

Question 22

The levels of processing: Craik and Lockhart

Answer 22

• incoming information process at different levels:
  Deeper processing = longer lasting memory codes.

Question 23

how is knowledge represented and organized in memory?

Answer 23

• Clustering and conceptual hierarchies (grouping similar things together in groups)
• mental model/schemas and Scripts
  i.e: tweet is a “little bird” we have a mental model of it.
• Semantic networks
• Connectionist networks and PDP models

Question 24

Enriching Encoding: What is Elaboration?

Answer 24

• linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding.
  More linking helps remembering. I.e: thinking of examples.

Question 25

Enriching Encoding: What is Visual imagery?

Answer 25

- The creation of visual images to represent words to be remembered.

Question 26

Enriching Encoding: what is Self-Referent encoding?

Answer 26

Making information personally meaningful

Question 27

what is Short term memory(working memory) in the three box model?

Answer 27

temporary storage. - duration of storage is 30 seconds without rehearsal - You can extend the capacity by chunking.

Question 28

what is long-term memory?

Answer 28

Storage that holds information for hours, days or years - flashbulb memories are memories that we remember really well.- isn’t always accurate and they decay overtime

Question 29

What does sleeping do for our memories?

Answer 29

consolidation

Question 30

What does the hippocampus do?

Answer 30

appears to be responsible for the initial consolidation of memories, Richard, then stored in different parts of the brain(cortex) - Index and consolidation

Question 31

What are the systems and types of memories?

Answer 31

- Implicit vs explicit -Declarative vs. non-declarative(procedural) - semantic vs episodic - Prospective vs retrospective

Question 32

Systems and types of memory: implicit vs explicit? define

Answer 32

-implicit are unattended memories, and we are not actively thinking about. - Explicit is intentional recall

Question 33

Systems and types of memories: declarative versus non-declarative(procedural). Define?

Answer 33

- declarative are facts - non-declarative (procedural) is doing things like remembering how to ride a bike.

Question 34

Systems and types of memories: semantic vs episodic. Define?

Answer 34

- Semantic is the meaning of words and concepts - Episodic are episodes of your life

Question 35

System some types of memories: prospective vs. Retrospective. Define?

Answer 35

- Perspective is the future. What you’re gonna do in the future. - Retrospective is the past, opposite of prospective.

Question 36

what are the types of long-term memories? First one being explicit memory. ESE…

Answer 36

Explicit memory-memories with conscious recall. -Semantic memory -Episodic memory

Question 37

types of long-term memories. What are in Implicit Memory? IPCCP…

Answer 37

- Implicit memory: Memory without conscious recall. procedural memory, Classically conditioned memory (like phobias) Priming

Question 38

what is procedural memory?

Answer 38

Motor skills and habits like driving a car, brushing your teeth and riding a bike

Question 39

retrieval: getting information out of memory. What is the tip of the tongue phenomenon?

Answer 39

you could feel it it’s almost emotional. Failure to retrieve.

Question 40

Retrieval: getting information out of memory. What is reinstating the context of an event?

Answer 40

Contacts cues- return to old place to recall. For example, going to your old house will bring memories back.

Question 41

Retrieval: getting information out of memory. what is reconstructing memories?

Answer 41

It is the miss information effect, and can be inaccurate because we remember things how we LIKE to remember… we take things a certain way.

Question 42

what are retrieval cues?

Answer 42

External information that helps bring stored information to mind

Question 43

what is encoding specificity principle?

Answer 43

it is the idea that a retrieval cue can help become an effective reminder..

Question 44

what is state dependent retrieval?

Answer 44

It’s the conditions in which you remember something …are the conditions in which you should recall something. - When conditions match, you remember better.

Question 45

Why do we forget?

Answer 45

we forget because of ineffective encoding, decay, interference(proactive, retroactive)