Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Role of the central executive in the WMM?

A

Coordinates the activities of the visuo spatial sketchpad and phonological loop

Attention and Coordination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the role of the visuospatial sketchpad in the WMM?

A

Processes visual and spatial information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the role of the phonological loop in the WMM?

A

Processes written and spoken information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the role of the episodic buffer in WMM?

A

brings together the activities of the 3 subsystems to create a single memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

KF

A

Motorcycle accident
Damaged LTM
Recall verbal but not visual information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Shepard & Fang

A

Cube net
One group asked if arrows would meet
Other group allowed to fold
Took the same amount of time
Visuospatial Sketchpad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gathercole & Baddeley

A

Track a moving live with a pointer
- verbal task
- angle of ‘F’
performed better on the verbal task as they were using 2 seperate stores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 2 types of sensory memory?

A

Iconic - visual information
Echoic - auditory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the Capacity and duration of sensory Memory?

A

Ulimited Capacity
Duration - a few milliseconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the capacity and duration of STM?

A

Capacity - 5-9
Duration - 18 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the capacity and duration of LTM?

A

Capacity - unlimited
Duration - infinate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

HM

A

Eplilepsy
Hippocampus removed
could no longer encode from STM to LTM
memory assessed in 1955, he though the year was 1953 and he was 27 (actually 31)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Peterson - Memory

A

Meaningless trigrams
counting backwards in 3s/4s before recalling
STM - 18s
importance of rehearsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the advantages of the MSM?

A

good understanding of structure and processes of STM
allows researchers to expand on the model
- increases validity
- provides evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Types of LTM

A

Procedural
- how to do things

Semantic
- information about the world

Episodic
- life experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 2 explanations of forgetting?

A

Retroactive interference
- recent learning interfering with past learning

Proactive Interference
- past learning interfering with recent learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

2 types of retrieval failure

A

Environmental cues

Mental cues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Deep Sea diver study

A

words learnt underwater were better recalled underwater and vice versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Rugby Players - recalling names of teams played over season

A

Time interval was the same for all players but the number of intervening games varied due to missed games

Those who played the most games should forget more due to interference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Johnson & Scott - EWT
Pen + Knife

A

A - discussion
- man walked out covered in grease
- holding pen
- 49%

B - heated discussion
- man walked out covered in blood
- holding knife
- 33%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Loftus - Slideshows

A

18 x 35mm slides
1.5 seconds
80 students

A - cheque handed to cashier
- 38.9%

B - gun pulled out
- 11.1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Yerkes-Dodsons Law

A

Normal Distribution of the effect of anxiety on EWT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Yuille + Cutshall - Shooting in Canada - midleading Qs

A

13 people 4 months post shooting
misleading Qs - ‘a’ vs ‘the’
misleading information showed no effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Christianson & Hubinette - bank robberies

A

110 witnesses of 22 real-life bank robberies
interviewed 15 months later
uncontrolled study - post-event discusiion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the characteristics of the cognitive interview?
context reinstatement recall from a changed perspective reporting everything emotional details
26
What are the strengths of the cognitive interview?
provides more detail useful for a testimony
27
What are the weaknesses of the cognitive interview
more incorrect information more time consuming
28
Who developed the cognitive interview?
Geiselman
29
Type of coding in Sensory Memory
Sense-specific
30
Type of coding in STM
Acoustic
31
Type of coding in LTM
Semantic
32
Who developed the MSS?
Atkinson + Shiffrin
33
What belief is the MSS based on?
We process memories in the same way which a computer processes information
34
Sensory register: duration, capacity, coding
D - 0.5s Ca - unlimited Co - sense-specific
35
STM: Duration, Capacity, Coding
D - 20s Ca - 7+/-2 Co - acoustic
36
LTM: Duration, Capacity, Coding
D- unlimited Ca - Unlimited Co - semantic
37
LTM: Duration, Capacity, Coding
D - unlimited Ca - unlimited Co - semantic
38
The stroop effect
A colour will be named more quickly if written as a word than shown as the colour
39
Limitation of MSM
More than one type of STM is likely Rehearsal can be elaborative Unlikely memory is linear
40
2 Types of LTM
Explicit - memories we consciously try to recall Implicit - not part of our conscience, formed from behaviours
41
Types of explicit memory
Semantic - language and knowledge about language Episodic - events we have experienced
42
Type of Implicit memory
Procedural - knowledge of how to do behaviours
43
Support for MSM - Glanzar + Kunitz
Ppts given list of common words Recalled more words from beginning (primacy effect) and end (serial position effect) Words in the middle were forgotten due to limited capacity of STM
44
Support for MSM - HM
Surgery to relieve epilepsy which destroyed his hippocampus Procedural memory still in tact but could not transfer from STM --> LTM Anterograde amnesia
45
Support for MSM - Korsakoff's syndrome
Effects chronic alcoholics, causing brain damage Severely impairs LTM, little effect on STM
46
Duration study - Peterson
24 psych students Recall meaningless trigrams after different intervals of time whilst counting backwards in 3s/4s
47
Duration study - Peterson results
3 sec interval - 80% 6 sec interval - 50% 18 sec interval - 10%
48
Duration study - Bahrick
392 ppts 15, 30, 48 years after graduation Forgetting very slow due to overlearning FR: 15-60%, 30-30% NR: 15-90%, 48-80%
49
Capacity study - Sperling (sensory register)
4x3 grid of letters shown for 50milliseconds Whole grid - 4-5/12 Single row - 3/4 Sensory register is finite - could not recall all letters as trace faded and infromation decayed
50
Capacity study - Jacobs (STM)
Growing string of either letters or digits Could recall a string of 9 digits vs 7 letters Capacity of STM increased with age due to learning or memory techniques
51
Coding studies - Baddeley
STM confused similar sounding words LTM confused similar meaning words
52
What is the aim of the WMM?
Rectify some of the criticisms of the MSM by proposing a more dynamic view of STM
53
How does the WMM work?
Information in LTM is transferred to working memory when it is combined with new information and manipulated Working memory can be used to perform cognitive functions such as mental arithmetic
54
Weakness of WMM
Leaves many unanswered Qs about LTM
55
Role of Central Executive
Filters information to determine what is attended to Limited capacity and can only cope with one strand of information at a time When attention needs to be divided, CE decides how resources are shared
56
Baddeley - CE study
Ppts generate a list of random numbers whilst simultaneously switching between numbers and letters on a keyboard Found the task difficult as competing for the same CE resources
57
D'Esposito - CE study
FMRI scans show that the prefrontal cortex is activated when performing verbal and spatial tasks at the same time
58
CE evaluation
Little is known about the CE and it isn't clear how it works or what it does Vagueness means it can be used to explain a variety of results Perhaps better understood as a component which diverts attention, rather than as a memory store
59
Role of the Phonological loop
Processes auditory information and the order of information Primary acoustic store (inner ear) Articulatory process (inner voice)
60
Trojani + Grossi - SC - Phonolgical Loop study
SC - brain damage effecting PL but not VSS Suggests PL and VSS are 2 separate stores
61
Baddeley - word length effect - Phonological loop
Ppts recalled more short words in serial order than longer words Capacity of PL set by duration of words, rather than number of words
62
Phonological loop - Evaluation
PET scans show different areas activated when performing verbal and spatial tasks PL associated with evolution of human vocal language
63
Role of Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
Stores visual and spatial information, including the relationship between them Helps people navigate and interact with the physical environment Information coded and rehearsed using mental pictures
64
Logie - VSS
Suggests sub-dividing the VSS into a visual cache that stores information in the form of colour, and an inner scribe which handles spatial relationships, rehearsed and transfers information in the visual cache to CE
65
Klauer + Zhao - VSS
Found more interference between 2 visual tasks than between a visual and spatial task
66
Gathercole + Baddeley - VSS
Ppts encountered issues with interference when tracking a moving line with a pointer and performing a spatial task Little difficulty with a verbal task
67
Role of the Episodic Buffer
The EB was later added to the WMM to explain how information is integrated between the other subsystems Attempts to correct issues caused by the limited capacity of the PL and VSS as well as problems with CE storage of visual and acoustic information
68
Brain Imaging Evidence of the Episodic Buffer
FMRI scans show right-frontal activation for combined verbal and spatial information Posterior activation for non-combined information
69
What part of the brain is activated for combined verbal and spatial information?
Right-frontal
70
What part of the brain is activated for non-combined information?
Posterior
71
KF - support for WMM
Motorcycle accident Damage greater for auditory infromation than visual Suggests damage restricted to PL
72
Proactive interference study - Underwood + Postman
Both groups given word pairs to learn 2nd group given 2nd list where 2nd word was changed control group remembered more
73
Retroactive Interference - Underwood
Nonsense syllables tested 24 hours later Concluded past memory experiments caused interference
74
Cue-Dependent Forgetting
Effective recall is effective on retrieval cues which are like labels in a filing system. CDF happens when information in LTM can't be accessed
75
CDF - Tulving + Pearlstone (categories)
48 words - 12 categories of 4 One group given headings for categories, others weren't Ppts not given headings recalled fewer words
76
Context-dependent forgetting
Failure happens with external retrieval cues, referring to the environment
77
State-dependent Forgetting
Failure happens with internal retrieval cues, referring to the environment
78
Support for Context-dependent forgetting
Abernathy - students performed worse on a test when performed by an unfamiliar teacher in an unfamiliar classroom
79
Support for Context dependent forgetting - Godden + Baddeley
Divers recalled information better underwater when learned underwater and vice versa
80
Support for state-dependent forgetting
Overton - drunk/sober Darley - marijuana, hide money
81
Loftus + Palmer - Exp 1 Estimated speed for smashed vs bumped?
2 films of cars crashing Smashed - 41mph Bumped - 32 mph
82
Loftus + Palmer - Exp 2 (broken glass)
'smashed' - more likely to say yes 'hit' no suggestion
83
Loftus - 'a' vs 'the' broken headlight
'a' - 7% 'the' - 17%
84
Grease vs blood results
Grease - 49% Blood - 33%
85
Purpose of context-reinstatement
Prevent context-dependent forgetting
86
Purpose of changing the order
Prevent people from reporting what is simply their expectations Prevents dishonesty
87
Purpose of changing perspective
Disrupt the effect of expectations and also the effect of schema on recall
88
Average recall of digits in Jacobs stufy
9.3
89
Average recall of numbers in Jacobs Capacity study
7.3
90
What does sliding filament theory explain?
How muscle contraction is coordinated in myofibrils
91
Stages of Sliding Filament Theory
Depolarisation of the sarcolemma Contraction of the Sarcomeres Muscle Contraction Muscle Relaxation
92
How is the sarcolemma depolarised in sliding filament theory?
An action potential arrives at the muscle cells, depolarising the sarcolemma
93
How are the Sarcomeres contracted in sliding filament theory?
Depolarisation of the sarcolemma causes the myosin and actin filaments to slide over each other, causing the Sarcomeres to contract
94
How does muscle contraction happen?
Multiple sarcomeres along the length of the myofibril contract simultaneously, causing the muscle fibres to contract. Contraction of the muscle fibres causes the whole muscle to contract
95
What causes sliding filament theory to take place?
Globular heads on myosin filaments which allow myosin and actin filaments to bind together and slide past each other
96
Purpose of 2 binding sites on a myosin head
One site can bind to actin, the other can bind to ATP
97
What binding sites is found on actin filaments?
A binding sites for myosin heads, known as the actin-myosin binding site
98
What is tropomyosin?
A protein located on actin filaments
99
How does tropomyosin play an important role in muscle contraction?
It blocks the actin-myosin binding site
100
What happens to tropomyosin when muscle fibres are stimulated?
Tropomyosin is moved so that myosin heads can bind to the actin-myosin binding sites
101
What is the effect of the binding of actin and myosin?
They can slide past each other to cause muscle contraction
102
How is ATP produced in aerobic respiration?
Oxidative phosphorylase
103
What type of activity is aerobic respiration mainly used for?
Extended periods of low-intensity muscle use
104
How is ATP produced in anaerobic respiration?
Glycolysis and Lactate fermentation
105
How is lactate produced in anaerobic respiration?
Lactate fermentation
106
What is the effect of a build up of lactate?
Fatigue
107
What type of activity is anaerobic respiration mainly used for?
Short periods of high-intensity muscle use
108
What is phosphocreatine?
A molecule which can supply ATP for muscle creatine
109
What does phosphocreatine do during intense muscular effort?
Donates phosphate to ADP to produce ATP. The ATP produced is used to sustain muscle contraction
110
Ways of producing ATP for muscle contraction
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration Phosphocreatine

Psychology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions