Memory Flashcards

Question

What is the definition of semantic memory?

Answer 1

Knowledge of the world (encylcopaedia)

Answer 2

he had brain damage, specifcally he damaged the area responsible for episodic as he couldn't remember long term an things he had experienced but could still play piano

Answer 3

supported by Clive Wearing (who is he?)

Answer 4

may only be two types of LTM not his propesed 3 (semantic, procedural, episodic)

Answer 5

Represents STM and proposes that short-term memory is made up of several different components that work together

Answer 6

Controls all parts of the memory in the working memory model

Answer 7

process information in terms of sound, written and spoken, splits to phonological and articulatory process

Answer 8

process visual and spatial (where things are) in a mental space called the inner eye.

Answer 9

brings material from other systems together and makes a single system not multiple strands makes a bridge between working memory and long term.

Answer 10

dual task performance studies like Baddeley found ppts doing two visual tasks had more difficulty then doing visual and verbal

Answer 11

they support it seen by Braver as he had ppts do a CE task while having a brain scan in the prefrontal cortex and activity in this area increased as work became harder

Answer 12

there is a lack of clarity and the CE doesn't really explain everything.

Answer 13

forgetting because on memory blocks another, causing one or both memories to be forgotten.

Answer 14

when old memories already stored disrupt recall of newer memories, typically because they are similliar

Answer 15

when new memories disrupt older memories, degree greater when memories are similiar

Answer 16

person not able to recall or recognise something they have learnt, the theory came around in 20th century, when 2 pieces of info conflicting forgetting one or both.

Answer 17

interference is worse when memories are similiar, studied retroactive material by changing similarity between two sets of material. ppts had to learn ten words with 100% accuracy then a new list

Answer 18

Baddeley and Hitch - asked rugby players to recall names of teams they played each week by week in a season, didn't matter how long ago game took place but how mnay games in meantime

Answer 19

use of artificial material as stimulus was usually lists of words not something consistent with real life

Answer 20

things that serve as reminders, have to be meaningful and link to the material, can be mental or environemental.

Answer 21

occurs due to absence of cues, explains forgetting and issues that relate to not being able to retrieve a memory

Answer 22

a memory is most effective if info was present when encoding and when retrieving memories, closer the cue is the more useful if different could cause some information to be forgotten

Answer 23

deep sea divers 4 tests land - land, underwater - land, underwater-underwater, land - underwater, recall, changed the location to see how it effected memory (carter and Cassady did this but on and off drugs in 1998)

Answer 24

accurate recall was 40% lower in the non-matching conditions.

Answer 25

the range of evidence reproduced as well with Gidden and Baddeley and Carter and Cassady

Answer 26

context affects are not very strong in real life, different contexts have to very different for an effect is seen.

Answer 27

a person who testifies in court and says what they saw

Answer 28

gets a desired question out of people

Answer 29

conversation between co-witness or an interviewer and an eye witness after a crime has taken place may contaminate a witness' memory for the event.

Answer 30

45 students shown 7 incident clips asked how fast they were given but given different verbs, leading question was to see how it affected what answer they gave.

Answer 31

the different words that given changed how the speed they thought the car was going

Answer 32

asked if there was any broken glass and those who thought the car was going faster would assume there was broken glass

Answer 33

PPts watch same event but from different perspectives so view unique items, pairs in a condition were encouraged to discuss the event before each person individually recalled the event 71% who discussed before recalled incorrectly

Answer 34

comments said by interviewer may become incorporated into the events

Answer 35

real life applications, impractical use of EWT and interviewers which can cause inaccurate recalling abcked by Loftus showing in 1975 who proved police need to be careful how they phrase questions

Answer 36

use of artificial materials, very different from seeing real accident as less stressful

Answer 37

done in a lab so artificial but also creates demand characteristics as PPts want to act in a certain way so experiment goes how they assume experimenter wants it to. like replying yes to a question even though they didn't and if the question has nothing to do with the scenario viewed.

Answer 38

A state of emotional and physical arousal, worried thoughts and feelings of tension, increased heart rate and sweatiness, reaction to stressful situations and can affect EWT

Answer 39

stops you paying attention to clues that are important making recall worse, weapon effect was used in the secnario.

Answer 40

led PPts believe they were going to be part of a lab study, Group 1) had them in a waiting room, heard a fight man left with pen and grease = low anxiety Group 2) same arguement but broken glass and paper knife in blood in mans hands - high anxiety.

Answer 41

man with grease and pen was 49% identified whereas man with pen had 33% idenitfication because of tunnel vision which is focus on a weapon

Answer 42

they looked at a real life shooting in Vancouver 21 EW and 13 took part, interviewed 4-5 months after and testimonies were compared with the original police interviews to see how they differed and asked how they felt on a 7 point scale

Answer 43

most stressed PPts were more accurate about 88% less stressed were less accurate which were 75%

Answer 44

the witnesses are interviewed a while after the event and many things happen in the meantime and may be affected by other witnesses or stuff in the news or social media

Answer 45

ethical issues, rebring up a stressful/ high anxiety event which can be unethical as could bring psychological harm for the research

Answer 46

may test surprise not anxiety as ppts may be more surprised than scared if they saw a weapon Pickel did an experiment with different items and odd ones caused poorer recall

Answer 47

a way to interview more EW to help them retrieve more accurate memories has 4 main techniques 1) recall everything, 2)reverse the order, 3)change perspective 4)reinstate the context

Answer 48

EWT could be improved if police used better techniques when interviewing

Answer 49

use every single bit of detail you remember everything matters as helps memory and may help with cues

Answer 50

mentally recreate the physical and psychological environment of the original incident, aims to make memory more accessible

Answer 51

reverse the timeline in which the event occurred

Answer 52

imagine how other EW may have seen what had happened

Answer 53

predetermined questions leading questions disrupts natural process

Answer 54

open-ended questions no leading questions established eye contact reducing eye witness anxiety get witness to speak slowly minimise distractions

Answer 55

each element is valuable, helps recall improve, all elements useful and should be sued equally even if its just two, got more correct information out of EW

Answer 56

time consuming making police reluctant due to it taking much longer than a standard interview and requires special training

Answer 57

an increase in unreliable information, increase useful too but also unreliable information. it is also more unreliable because of the variations of Cognitive Interviews use of different techniques own methods makes it difficult to draw conclusions.