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Psychology - Paper 1 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 factors that affect eyewitness testimonies?

A
  • Misleading information
  • Anxiety
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2
Q

What 2 factors in misleading information affect eyewitness testimony accuracy?

A
  • Leading questions
  • Post-event discussions
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3
Q

What are the 4 sections of the WMM?

A
  • Central executive
  • Visuo-spacial sketchpad
  • Phonological loop
  • Episodic buffer
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4
Q

What is the role of the central executive in the WMM?

A

A supervisory role that monitors incoming data and divides our attention into the sub-sections.

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5
Q

What is the role of Phonological loop the in the WMM?

A

For auditory information as it stores the words we hear.

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6
Q

What is the role of the two sectors in the Visuo-spacial sketchpad for the WMM?

A

Visual cache - stores the visual data
Inner Scribe - The rearrangement of objects

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7
Q

What are 3 types of long-term memory?

A

Episodic, semantic and procedural

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8
Q

What are the two explanations for forgetting?

A

Interference theory and retrieval failure

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9
Q

What are the two types of interferences that lead to forgetting?

A

Retroactive - New info confuses past info
Proactive - past info confuses new info

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10
Q

What is the encoding specificity principle?

A

A cue must be present at encoding and retrieval in order to recall information

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11
Q

What is a cue?

A

A trigger of information that allows us to access a memory

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12
Q

What are the 4 techniques used in the cognitive interview?

A
  • report everything
  • Reinstate context
  • Change order
  • Change perspective
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13
Q

What are the 3 parts of the MSM?

A

Sensory register
Short term memory
Long term memory

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14
Q

In the MSM what is the coding and duration of the STM?

A

Acoustic coding
18 seconds unless rehearsed

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15
Q

In the MSM what is the coding and duration of the LTM?

A

Semantic coding
Duration may be upto a lifetime

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16
Q

What are the 2 negative evaluations of the MSM?

A

Limitation - More than one STM
KF had amnesia
processed visual or audial info differently
suggests more than one store

Limitation - Elaborative rehearsal
Elaborative rather than prolonged
Linking info to current knowledge is better than continuously remembering new info

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17
Q

What are the 2 positive evaluations of the MSM?

A

Research support
Shows LTM and STM as separate

Baddeley - we mix up…
sound similar - STM
mean similar - LTM

shows them as separate memory stores like the MSM suggests

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18
Q

What is a strength and limitation of the types of LTM?

A

Research support -
HM, severe brain damage
unaffected semantic and procedural memories
Episodic memory was bad, constant forgetting

HOWEVER,
lack of control variables in brain damage studying
no knowledge of participants brain/memory before incident

Lack of control limits info on LTM

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19
Q

What is a strength of the types of long term memory?

A

Real - world applications

Psychologist can help people with memory problems
As people grow older, episodic memory seems to get worse

Can devise different types of treatments for types of LTM

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20
Q

What is a strength of the WMM?

A

Dual-task performance
Baddeley:
shows separate existence of the visuo-spacial sketchpad
verbal + visual task = strong
verbal + verbal task - weak
Visual + visual task = weak

to different sectors being used means they do not compete in the same system

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21
Q

What is a limitation of the WMM?

A

Lack of clarity over the nature of the central executive

some psychologists say it has separate subsystems

Unsatisfactory component that challenges the integrity of the WMM

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22
Q

What is a strength and limitation of the types of WMM?

A

KF - brain damage
Poor STM auditory info but normal visual

shows his phonological loop was damages but VSS was still intact

Shows existence of seperate stores

However,
brain studies are weak as we do not know the individuals memory before their incident

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23
Q

What are the 3 evaluations of interference in forgetting?

A

Real-life support - Rugby players
- recall team names
- those who played less recalled more
COUNTER
- Rare conditions for interference to occur
- memories have to be very similar

Interferences and cues
- cues in retrieval failure may be a better forgetting explanation

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of forgetting in retrieval failure?

A

context-dependant
State-dependant

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25
What was the research into context-dependant forgetting?
Land and water 4 ways Memories was best on matching conditions 60% higher
26
What was the research into state-dependant forgetting?
Drug (hayfever) and no drug Memory was better in matching conditions
27
What are 3 evaluations of retrieval failure?
Real-life applications - Strategies to overcome forgetting in everyday situations Research supportSupport from Godden and Baddeley and Carter and Cassaday in highly controlled lab settings HOWEVER, context evidence is weak because rare to compare land and water, irl it isn't usually that different Recalll v Recollection (G+B) Underwater test replicated for recall found no context-dependent effect (same performance in all conditions)
28
Who did the research into leading questions for EWT?
Loftus and Palmer
29
What was the research into leading questions for EWT?
45 participants, 5 groups watch video of car incident asked questions about it "about how fast were the cars before they ____ each other?" Hit, bumped, smashed, contacted and collided Contacted has lowest estimated speed and smashed had the highest biased the results
30
What are the 5 words for the car incident in leading questions studies?
Hit, smashed, collided, bumped, contacted
31
what are the 2 explanations on leading questions affecting EWT?
Substitution explanation response-bias explanation
32
What is the response-bias explanation in LQ for EWT?
wording of questions just affect the answer not the actual memory
33
What is the Substitution explanation in LQ for EWT?
Wording of questions changes participants memory Those who had smashed were more likely to report seeing glass even though there was none
34
Who did the research into post-event discussions?
Gabbert et al
35
What was the research into post-event discussions?
Participant in pairs both saw car crash in different angles they then had time to talk before taking individual recall tests 71% mistakenly mentioned something not in their video Evidence of memory conformity
36
why does post-event discussions effect EWT?
Memory contamination - altered and distorted due to info combining Memory conformity - going along with each other for ISI or NSI
37
What is a evaluations for misleading information in EWT?
Real world applications - practical use in criminal justice system
38
What is the 3 evaluations for the cognitive interview?
Real-life applications - useful for the justice system CI is time consuming - must relax witnesses - must train officers (time consuming/costly) Some elements more useful - Report everything + reinstate context produces the best recall - some parts better than others - weakens credibility of the whole CI
39
What is the negative effect of anxiety for EWT?
Weapon focus
40
What was the research procedure into the negative anxiety effect for EWT?
interview rooms for a future lab study Group 1 - casual convo man walk out with a pen and hand covered in grease - angry convo, hear glass shatter man storm out with a bloody knife
41
What was the research findings into the negative anxiety effect for EWT?
Participants find the man from 50 pictures 49% LA identified their man 33% HI identified their man Tunnel theory and weapon focus
42
What is the negative effect of anxiety for EWT?
fight or flight increases alertness
43
What was the research procedure into the positive anxiety effect for EWT?
gun shop shooting in canada - shop owner shot thief dead 13/21 witnesses took part in study Interviewed 4/5 months after incident Interview was compared to OG police interview Witnesses asked to report their stress level during the incident and any emotional issues since
44
What was the research findings into the positive anxiety effect for EWT?
Accurate accounts and little change from OG police interviews Those who reported the highest level of stress had the best recall
45
What is the coding of the STM area in the MSM
Acoustic and around 18s duration
46
What is the coding of the LTM area in the MSM
Semantic and upto a lifetime duration
47
Accoring to the MSM how can STM info go to the LTM?
Maintenance rehearsal
48
What is the eval contradiction of the MSM on prolonged rehearsal
Elaborative rehearsal instead Craik and Watkins said type over time of rehearsal - ER = Linking info to existing knowledge
49
Where is HM linked to?
Support for types of LTM - Couldnt recall stroking a dog 1hr ago but knew what it was Procedural and semantic memorys intact but not episodic
50
What is a counter of HM as support for types of LTM?
Lack of control variables - No knowledge of HM memory before the injury
51
What is a counter of KF as support for WMM?
Lack of control variables - No knowledge of KF memory before the injury
52
What does the articulatory process in the phonological loop allow?
Maintenance rehearsal
53
What part is KF in for evidence support?
WMM
54
Explain KF as support for the WMM
KF had poor processing of auditory info but normal visual processing Could recall reading letters but not when they were read to him Damaged phonological loop, normal visuospatial sketchpad
55
# Mc Who conducted research on similarities in interference theory?
McGeoch and McDonald - on retroactive interference
56
What were the finding of McGeoch and McDonald retroactive interference study?
Recall of the original list was worse when 2nd list was the most similar (synonyms) - Interference is strongest when memories are stronger
57
Who did the RWA on rugby players in interference theory?
Baddeley and Hitch
58
Define encoding specificity principle
A cue must be both present at encoding and retrieval. If not then there will be some forgetting
59
What are 2 non-meaningful cues?
Context dependent forgetting and state dependent forgetting
60
Who did research into state-dependent forgetting?
carter and cassaday
61
Who did research into context-dependent forgetting?
Godden and Baddeley
62
What drug did carter and cassaday use in state-dependent forgetting?
antihistamine (hayfever drug)
63
Who did research into leading questions?
Loftus and Palmer
64
Who did research into post-event discussions?
gabbert et al (film different view points)
65
2 ways post-event discussions effect EWT?
Memory contamination Memory conformity
66
2 ways leading questions effect EWT?
Response-bias explanation Substitution explanation (changes participants memory)
67
Describe the correlation between anxiety and recall?
Inverted U
68
What does weapon focus results show?
Tunnel theory (made it more difficult to recall faces)
69
What is the Yerkes-Dodson law in the effects of anxiety?
When we witness a crime we become both physiologically and emotionally aroused anxiety and fight/flight mode at the same time
70
Who enhanced the cognitive interview (ECI)
Fisher et al
71
What did Fisher at al add to the ECI? (3)
- Interviewer must know when to establish and relinquish eye contact - Ask open ended questions and minimise slow distractions
72
What 2 elements could be used by themselves in the CI?
Report everything and reinstate context
73
Who and what was the effective support for the CI?
Meta-analysis by Kohnken et al (compared Ci interviews and standard ones for accuracy) - CI 41% more accurate
74
Who critiqued krohnkens support for CI in his meta-analysis
Krohnken
75
What was Krohnken self critique in his meta-analysis
His meta analysis also found the ECI had higher levels of incorrect info compared to CI CI may sacrifice quality or EWT for quantity
76
Difference between maintenance and elaborative rehearsal?
Maintenance - prolonged repetition Elaborative - Craick and Watkins - Link new info to existing knowledge
77
What is in the sensory register of the MSM?
- has sensory memory stores (for each sense) - Info passes further into the memory only if you pay attention to it - high capacity but short duration (1/2 sec)
78
Types of store coding in the sensory register of the MSM
Visual info - has iconic memory Acoustic info - has echoic memory
79
When and who added the episodic buffer to the WMM?
Baddeley 2000
80
What does the episodic buffer do?
A temporary memory store that integrates visual and verbal info to make a time sequence. (records events, episodes) - 4 chunks capacity - Links WM to LTM - Links to perception
81
dWhat does the central executive monitor?
Incoming data
82
Who conducted the weapon focus study?
Johnson and Scott
83
Who conducted the canada positive effect of anxiety study?
Yuille and Cutshall
84
Who did the unusalness not anxiety eval?
Pickel et al (Scissors, handgun, raw chicken and wallet) In a hairdressing salon video
85
What was the mean speed from the word 'contacted' in the LQ study by loftus and palmer?
31.8mph
86
What was the mean speed from the word 'smashed' in the LQ study by loftus and palmer?
40.5mph
87
Why may researchers believe more in the substitution explanation for why LQ lead to memory distortions?
Loftus and Palmer 2nd study Participants who had smashed' were more likely to report seeing glass on the floor in the video (There was none)
88
Who did the rugby player recall research support for retroactive interference?
Baddeley and Hitch
89
Who and What was the RWA of ltm types?
Bellevile et al Devised an intervention for old people to improve their episodic memory Trained participants did better on an episodic test compared to a control group of untrained participants
90
Who said elaborative rehearsal is better than maintenance rehearsal?
Craik and Watkins
91
who conducted the digit span research?
Joseph Jacobs
92
Who observed everyday practices for capacity?
Miller (Things come in groups of 7)
93
Who found that reinstate context and report everything was better than all other technique combos
Milne and Bull
94
How much worse did 2 different conditions do in context dependent forgetting?
40%
95
What were the % of negative anxiety effects picking out the man from the 50 images
Pen - 49% Bloody knife - 33%
96
Location of the Yuille and Cutshall positive anxiety effects study?
Vancouver, Canada Gun shop robbery 13/21 took part

Psychology - Paper 1 (4 decks)

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