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Psychology - Paper 1 > Social Influence > Flashcards

Social Influence Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 types of social influence?

A

Normative
Informational
NSI and ISI

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of conformity?

A

Internalisation, Identification and compliance

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3
Q

Explain Internalisation as a type of conformity

A

A genuine acception of group norms due to ISI.
It is also usually a permanent and public change

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4
Q

Explain Identification as a type of conformity

A

Conforming due to there being something about the group we value.

Public but not private change

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5
Q

Explain Compliance as a type of conformity

A

simply ‘going along with others’
A superficial change

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6
Q

What is a research support for ISI?

A

Lucas et al and his maths problems

More difficult the question the higher rates of conformity

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7
Q

What is a research support for NSI?

A

Asch

Participants said they conformed due feeling self-conscious and afraid of disapproval.

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8
Q

What is a research against NSI?

A

Every personal has individual differences

The role of nAffiliators being the type of person to confirm

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9
Q

Outline The Stanford prison experiment

A

Mock prison in university basement

21 emotionally stable men were randomly assigned to either a ‘prisoner’ or ‘guard’

Uniforms were provided for de-individuation

Encouraged to identify with their role

Meant to last 14 days but only lasted 6

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10
Q

What was included in the prisoners uniform for the SPE?

A

Loose smock
cap
number identification

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11
Q

What were the findings of the SPE?

A

Social roles highly influence individuals behaviour

One prisoner went on hunger strike

Guards overtime became more aggressive

Prisoners rebelled

Meant to last 14 days but only lasted 6

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12
Q

What are 3 evaluations of the SPE?

A
  • Control
    Highly controlled variables (Emotionally stable participants)
  • Lack of realism
    Response to demand characteristics
    HOWEVER,
    Prisoner 416 thought it was a real prison led my psychologists rather than government and 90% of convos were on prison life
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13
Q

What was Milgrams baseline procedure?

A

40 American men
Teacher, learner and experimenter
Participant always the teacher
question getting wrong gets electrocuted
15v - 450v

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14
Q

What was Milgrams baseline procedure findings?

A
  • All participants went to 300 volts
  • 65% continued all the way to 450 volts

Lip biting, sweating, trembles and stutters. One had a whole seizure

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15
Q

What was the two research support on Milgrams baseline procedure?

A

French docuementary replications
80% delivered to maximum 460 volts
same quantitative behaviours

Real shocks to puppies
54% men 100% women gave what they thought was a fatal shock
(Contradicts idea of DC)

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16
Q

What was the research against on Milgrams baseline procedure?

A

DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS

The idea of play-acting

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17
Q

What was the 3 situational variables in Milgrams study?

A

Location, Proximity, Uniform

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18
Q

Explain location as one of Milgrams situational variables

A

Prestige univeristy to a run-down office block

Decreased obedience
65% to 47.5%

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19
Q

Explain proximity as one of Milgrams situational variables

A

Forces hand on a ‘electrostack plate’

Obedience fell by over a half (65% to 30%)

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20
Q

Explain uniform as one of Milgrams situational variables

A

Grey lab coat experimenter being replaced by a member of the public

Obedience fell from 65% to 20%

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21
Q

What is a weakness of Milgrams situational variables?

A

Low internal validity for uniform

Lowkey unbelievable, even Milgram said…

Would lead to demand characteristics

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22
Q

What are 2 strength of Milgrams situational variables?

A
  • Cross culture replications
    Dutch interview, saying stressful questions to someone desperate for a job
  • Research support
    Field experiment
    Guard, milkman, jacket and tie
    Pick up litter
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23
Q

What are 2 situational explanations?

A

Agentic state and Legitimacy of authority

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24
Q

what is the agentic shift?

A

Shift from an autonymous state to an agentic state

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25
What are 4 characteristics of someone with an authoritarian personality?
- Black and white thinking - Society as weaker as it once was - Importance of tradition - need for strong and powerful leaders
26
What are the origins of the AP?
Conditional love and harsh parenting Anger displaced onto those they view as weak
27
What was Adorno et al's research?
White men unconscious attitudes to ethnic groups F-scale
28
What was Adorno et al's research findings?
High F-scale seemed to be more 'strong' (Signs of AP) Black and white thinking cognitive style Authoritarian and prejudice has a positive correlation
29
What are 3 evaluations of the dispositional explanation?
Research support - Milgram 20 participants took part in an interview and did the F-scale. High F-scale, high obedience HOWEVER, not all Milgram high F-scale participants had experienced harsh parenting Limited explanation Not all german nazi soldiers experienced the same childhood and they all had different personalities (Links more to SLT)
30
What are two types of resistance to social influence
Locus of control and social support
31
What is social support?
The presence of people who resist the pressures to conform or obey to show others they can do the same. They act as a model.
32
What is the difference between the two types of locus of control
External - 'everything happens for a reason', Luck and outside forces Internal - Takes personal responsibility
33
Explain LOC as a way to resist social influence
Those with a high internal LOC are seen as more intelligent, self confident and achievement orientated therefore are more able to resist SI
34
What are the two evaluations for social support?
Real-world research support - preg teens resist smoking pressure - One group with a 'buddy' another without - Showed real world intervention help Research support for dissenting peers - Oil company running a smear campaign - Participants in groups so could discuss - 29/33 groups rebelled against orders
35
What are the 3 factors within Minority Influence?
Consistency, commitment and flexibility
36
What are the two evaluations for LOC?
Research support - Milgram repeated procedure 37% but 23% E externals didnt continue to the greatest shock Contradictory research - Twenge did 40 year research analysis - More people becoming external but more people becoming resistant to SI
37
What are the 6 stages to achieve social change DCDASS
Drawing attention Commitment Deeper processing Augmentation process Snowball effect Social cryptomnesia
38
What is the augmentation process?
Self risk
39
What are 2 research support for consistency in minority influence?
Moscovici blue/green slides - consistent minority opinion made change Wood et al - meta analysis showed consistent minority opinions made change
40
What is a limitation of Aschs line task and Moscovicis blue/green slide task?
Artificial task - Does not reflect real life situations
41
What is research support for NSI?
Asch - Participants stated they felt self-conscious and afraid of disapproval - Conformity fell by 12.5% when asked to write answer down (No NSI)
42
What is research support for ISI?
Lucas et al - Maths problem (difficult) had conformed to incorrect answers - When easy participants 'Knew their own minds"
43
What is a limitation for NSI?
Individual differences - Only predict nAffiliators
44
Which prisoner in the Stanford prison experiment said they thought it was real but led by prisons rather than govt?
416
45
How many participants went up to 300V in Milgrams baseline study?
All of them
46
How many participants stopped at 300V in Milgrams baseline study?
12.5% (5/40)
47
How many participants were in Milgrams baseline study?
40
48
How many participants went up to 450V (highest) in Milgrams baseline study?
65%
49
What was the qualitative data gathered from Milgrams baseline procedure?
Sweat, tremble, stutter - 3 had full blown seizures
50
What rate did obedience fall by when T forced L to put hand on an electrostat plate?
65% - 30%
51
What rate did obedience fall by when E was a member of the public (uniform)?
65% - 20%
52
What rate did obedience fall by when moved to a run-down office block?
65% - 47.5%
53
What are the situational explanations of obedience?
Agentic state Legitimacy of authority
54
What is an 'agent'?
Someone who acts for/in place of another - They experience high anxiety but feel powerless
55
When does an 'agentic shift' occur?
When a person perceives someone else as a higher authority figure
56
What is a limitation of the 'agentic shift' in explaining obedience?
Rank & Jacobson 16/18 nurses disobeyed doctor on an excessive drug dose (disobeyed doctor)
57
What was Adorno et als research method on AP?
F-scale to measure AP 2000 middle class white American men and their unconscious attitudes to ethnic groups
58
What was Adorno et als research findings on AP? (5)
High F scale - High AP - no fuzziness in thinking (B+W) - Status conscious - Respect to higher status - Fixed stereotypes - + correlation between prejudice & authoritarianism
59
What 3 things are in compliance
Superficial change Public not private Simply going along with others
60
What participant said prisoner run by psychologists in Zimbardo's study?
Prisoner 416
61
What was the research support on Milgrams baseline?
- French doc tv show Same as Milgram basically 80% gave the maximum amount of shocks of 460V to an unconscious man
62
What % of participants believed the shocks were genuine in Milgrams baseline?
75%
63
What was the field research support for Milgram's situational variables?
Uniform Field task with an officer, milkman and tie jacket Asked people to do a task, litter pick up, obedience higher with the office outfit
64
2 evaluations of the Agentic state situational explanation
Research support - Milgram When participants asked investigator who is responsible they said themselves so then participants carried on Limited explanation 16/18 nurses disobeyed doctor
65
What evaluation can be used for both situational explanations?
Limited explanation 16/18 nurses disobeyed doctor on an excessive drug dosage
66
What did Adornos research test?
White american men and their attitudes towards other ethnic groups
67
What did a high f scale lead to?
Authoritarian leanings
68
What could AP not explain
Germans anti-semitism
69
In the smear oil campaign for SS how many groups disobeyed?
29/33
70
What is the research support for LOC?
Holland repeated Milgram's baseline Internal less likely to go to highest shock level compared to external
71
In all culture countries what was the same?
All countries has secure attachment was the most common highest 75% Britain Lowest 50% in China
72
What attachment was higher in collectivist cultures?
Insecure-resistant (20-25% rather than the 3% in SS)
73
What was the french docuementary called?
Le jeu de la mort
74
Who did the dutch interview?
Meeus and Raaijmaker
75
Wh did the field experiment (Milkman, tie....etc)
Bickman et al
76
Who interviewed Milgrams participants to see the f-scale
Milgram and Elms
77
Who did the disobedient nurses 16/18 study
Rank and Jacobson
78
what did Twenge find?
More people external less people conforming
79
What did Albrecht and Gamson find?
Social support evals
80
What did Nolan find?
Green energy RWA Social change
81
Who is Holland
Replica of Milgram to find loc
82
What did Kilham and Mann find?
Explains culture differences of legitimacy of authority 16% of australian women went up to 400V in a milgram style study

Psychology - Paper 1 (4 decks)

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