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psychology > memory > Flashcards

memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three features of each store in the multi-store memory model?

A
  • coding
  • capacity
  • duration
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2
Q

For the coding in the sensory register, what are the different senses and their names?

A

iconic - vision
haptic -touch
echoic - sound
gustatory - taste
olfactory - smell

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3
Q

What is the capacity in the sensory register?

A

Very large, however only what is paid attention to is passed to the short term memory

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4
Q

What is the duration like in the sensory register?

A

Very short, as low as 250 milli seconds

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5
Q

What is the coding in the short term memory?

A

Information in the short term memory is stored acoustically

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6
Q

What is the capacity in the short term memory? How can it be improved?

A

Around 7 items plus or minus 2.
Can be improved by chunking

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7
Q

What is the duration in the short term memory? How can it be extended?

A

Short, 18-30 seconds. However, duration can be extended by rehearsal

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8
Q

When information is passed from STM to LTM what are the two types of rehearsal?

A
  • maintenance rehearsal - repeating the info
  • elaborative rehearsal - linking info that is already in the LTM
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9
Q

In the short term memory, what are the two ways information can be lost?

A
  • Displacement - new info replacing it
  • Decay - lost over time
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10
Q

What is the coding in the long term memory?

A

Stored semantically e.g we link waves to the ocean

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11
Q

What is the capacity in the long term memory?

A

no limit. Info can be lost, not because it ‘ran out of room’, it may be in the long term memory its just not accessible

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12
Q

What is the duration in the long term memory?

A

Potentially unlimited as recall from childhood is normal in old people

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13
Q

What was the Glanzer and Cunitz study?

A

Asking participants to remember to recall a list of words in any order

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14
Q

What was the results of the Glanzer and Cunitz study?
What does this show?

A
  • most people remembered words from the start and then end of the list but the middle was usually forgotten
  • this suggests that there are separate short term and long term memory stores. First ones go into the long term memory by rehearsal and the end are recalled by the STM
  • words in the middle get displaced out of the STM by the end words
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15
Q

What was the Sperling (1960) study?

A
  • Participants were given a grid 4 by 4 filled with letters
  • Shown for 1/20th of a second
  • asked to recall what they could remember
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16
Q

What was the results of the Sperling study and what does this tell us about the sensory register?

A
  • It was found that the recall for one row was 75%
  • This shows that all the rows were contained by the sensory register
  • Therefore, the capacity is large
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17
Q

How is the short term memory coded?

A

Acoustically

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18
Q

How is the long term memory coded?

A

Semantically

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19
Q

What is the role of the central executive in the WMM?

A
  • ‘Head of the model’
  • controls attention
  • receives sense info and filters it before passing it on
  • capacity is 4 items - only 1 type of info at a time
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20
Q

What is the role of the phonological loop in the WMM?

A

Processes auditory coded info

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21
Q

What is the role of the primary acoustic store in the WMM?

A
  • inner ear, holds words recently heard
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22
Q

What is the role of the articulatory control process in the WMM?

A

Inner voice, holds info via sub vocal repetition

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23
Q

What is the role of the visuo - spatial sketchpad in the WMM?

A
  • Processes visual and spatially coded info, thought of as ‘inner eye’
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24
Q

What is the role of the visual cashe in the WMM?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • A passive store of form and colour
25
What is the role of the inner scribe in the WMM?
processes spatial information and movement planning
26
What is the role of the episodic buffer in the WMM?
Added to WMM in 2000, as the model needed a general store to hold and integrate info from VSS, PL, CE and long term memory
27
What was the Baddeley (1975) 1 test?
Participants were asked to perform two visual tasks, tracking moving lights at the same time as describing the angles of the letter F. Or a visual and verbal task
28
What was found in the Baddeley (1975) 1 test? What does this suggest?
- performance was much higher when the tasks were not using the same processes - This suggests that there are two separate processes for visual and spatial
29
What was the Shallice and Warrington (1970) test? What does this suggest?
- Investigated the clinical case of KF. It was found that KF had selective impairment to his verbal short - term memory, caused by a brain injury, however the visual functioning of his STM was not affected. - this suggests that the PL and VSS are separate processes located in separate regions of the brain
30
What is the Baddeley (1975) 2 test? What does it suggest?
- Participants were visually shown word lists and then asked to write them down in the same order. One condition had monosyllabic words e.g bond and the other had polysyllabic e.g opportunity. It was found they could recall more mono words than poly. - This suggests that the capacity of PL is is not in number of words but in time it takes to say them - approx 2 seconds
31
What are the criticisms of the working memory model?
- too simplistic and too vague (central executive), not open for testing and no full explanation of its function - It is impossible to directly observe the process of memory, this means the assumptions made could be false - issues with external validity
32
What is episodic long term memories?
- personal experiences e.g wedding day - includes details of event, context and emotion - requires conscious recall and is time stamped - associated with hippocampus
33
What is procedural long term memories?
- memory of how to perform certain tasks, actions and skills - e.g swimming - Associated with the cerebellum - does not require conscious recall
34
What is semantic long term memory?
- memories of knowledge, facts and concepts e.g capital cities - not time stamps and requires conscious recall - temporal lobe
35
Evaluation of long term memories?
- case of HM supports distinct LTM types - lot of overlap between episodic and semantic - procedural memory is tested on people with brain damage and therefore there isn't a lot of research
36
What are proactive interference?
when old information effects the learning of new information
37
What is retroactive inference?
- occurs when new information affects the recall of old information
38
When is inferences more likely to occur?
When information is similar
39
Evaluation of Interference
- research support: Baddeley and Hitch (1977) - rugby - research support: Keppel and Underwood (1962) - trig rams - does not explain why forgetting occurs when in situations where information is different - most research is done in a lab and therefore lacks ecological validity - But controlled and can therefore be replicated
40
What is the encoding specificity principle?
Claims memory is most effective when information present at the time is available during recall
41
What is context - dependent forgetting?
Forgetting occurs when there are environmental changes between learning and recall
42
What is state - dependent forgetting?
Occurs when an individuals emotional/physical state is different when trying to recall information
43
Why can leading questions be negative?
Questions can suggest info to witnesses causing a change in recall e.g 'did you see THE weapon?
44
What research could you use for leading questions?
Loftus and Palmer (1974) - car, smash etc
45
Evaluation of Loftus and Palmer (1974)
- Artificial video, lacks emotion and consequences, lacks ecological validity - lacks population validity - only students - In a second study participants were asked if they saw glass, the people who heard the verb, 'smashed' were more likely to say yes even though there was no glass
46
Who was KF?
- Suffered brain damage as a result of a motorcycle accident - No LTM problems but he could only remember two items at a time - forgetting of auditory stimuli was greater than visual
47
Evaluations of WMM?
- provides an explanation for parallel processing unlike the MSM - Was developed based on lab experiments, variables controlled and produced reliable results - Still criticised for being too simplistic and vague - Lab research, low ecological validity
48
What was Baddeley and Hitch rugby research?
- Asked players of a rugby team to name the teams they had played that season in each weekly feature - Because most of the team had missed some games the last game they played was different
49
What did the results of the Baddely and Hitch rugby research suggest?
- Showed that players recall was affected much more by the number of teams that had played the passage of time
50
What was Keppel and Underwood's research?
- Same as P and P - However, they found while forgetting was increased with interval, there was little forgetting from the start of the procedure - Proactive interference, the trigram had entered ltm and was interfering with the memory for the later trigram
51
What is reconstructive memory?
When you remember things your memory isn't completely accurate
52
Factors affecting EWT?
- Leading questions - Misleading information (post event info) - Anxiety experienced by the witness
53
What is response bias (Loftus and Palmer)?
- The different speed estimates occurred because the critical word influences or biases a person's response
54
What was the conformity effect? (Gabbert et al)
- Investigate the effects of post-event information on EWT - In pairs and watches a different video of the same event - 1 condition, discussed after - 2nd condition, no discussion
55
Results of the conformity effect?
- 71% of those who discussed remembered details they had acquired from the discussion
56
Evaluation of the conformity effect?
-Real life application, emphasises keeping witnesses apart
57
Negative effects of anxiety study, Loftus?
-Each participant sat in a waiting room alone -Condition 1: heard a friendly discussion and saw a man exit holding a pen Condition 2: Heated discussion, glass breaking and furniture turned over. Man left holding a knife covered in blood
58
Findings of the Loftus anxiety study?
- People overhearing the friendly discussion were more accurate at recognising the man (49%) than the man with the knife (33%)

psychology (12 decks)

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