Memory

Question 1

Capacity

Answer 1

Amount of info that can be stored in memory

Question 2

Components of working memory model

Answer 2

Central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer

Question 3

Central executive

Answer 3

Boss of WMM. Directs attention to two slave systems

Question 4

Episodic buffer

Answer 4

Temporary store, integrates other info from other components

Question 5

Leading questions

Answer 5

Questions worded to suggest a particular answer

Question 6

Multi store model

Answer 6

Atkison and Shiffrin (1968). Sensory register, short term memory and long term memory

Question 7

Phonological loop

Answer 7

WMM. Deals with auditory info

Question 8

Proactive interference

Answer 8

Old info interferes with new info

Question 9

Procedural memory

Answer 9

Skills and motor tasks e.g swimming and writing

Question 10

Retrieval failure

Answer 10

Explanation for forgetting. Often due to absence of cues or triggers

Question 11

Retroactive interference

Answer 11

New info interferes with old

Question 12

Semantic memory

Answer 12

Knowledge and facts of the world. Associated with temporal lobe

Question 13

Sensory register

Answer 13

Memory store where info enters through the senses. Iconic coded visual info echoic store coed auditory info

Question 14

Working Memory Model

Answer 14

Baddely and Hitch (1974)- multi component short term memory system

Question 15

Baddely coding study procedure and findings

Answer 15

• Different word list to 4 diff groups e.g semantically similar/dissimillar, acoustic etc
• asked to recall in same order
• immediate recall: acoustically similar did worse: STM codes acoustically
• 20 min interval: semantic similar words worse recall. LTM codes semantically

Question 16

1 limitation of Baddely coding study

Answer 16

• artificial stimuli. Lacks generalisability so has limited application

Question 17

Jacobs digit span procedure and findings

Answer 17

• researcher gave 4 digit number and asked pp to recall, then 5 digit number and so forth until they could not recall
• mean digit span was 9.3, and 7.3 for letters

Question 18

Limitation of Jacobs study

Answer 18

• performed long time ago so likely to have lacked control e.g distractions

Question 19

Miller capacity observation

Answer 19

• 7 days in a week, 7 deadly sins etc. suggests digit span of STM to be about 7.
  People can also recall 5 words and letters, they do this by chunking
  Said that STM capacity is 7+-2

Question 20

Limitation of Miller

Answer 20

• Cowen reviewed research and found capacity of STM was 4. Miller overestimated when claiming 7

Question 21

Peterson and Peterson duration procedure and results

Answer 21

• pp given trigram to remember and counted down from 3 digit number. Each trial told to stop after different amount of time e.g 3,6,9 etc. this tests rentention interval.
• accuracy reduced very quickly the longer the time went on.
• STM duration very short when not rehearsed

Question 22

Limitation of Peterson and Peterson

Answer 22

Meaningless stimuli. Does not reflect real life memory activities so has low external validity
However we do memories phone numbers

Question 23

Bahrick duration study and findings

Answer 23

• Bahrick high school year books. Photo recognition and free recall.
• those tested within 15 years of graduation had 90% accurate photo recognition
  Accuracy dropped to 70% after 48 years
  LTM can last a very long time

Question 24

Bahrick strength and weakness

Answer 24

+ higher external validity as real memories were studied
- confounding variable that pps may have looked at the yearbook and rehearsed their memory over the years

Question 25

Atkinson and Shiffrin multistore model memory components

Answer 25

STM: can only hold limited amount of items before forgetting takes place. 5 to 9 items, more like 5. Coded acoustically, 18-30 sec duration unless rehearsed. LTM: potentially permanent. Capacity is unlimited and can last for many years. Codes semantically. When we want to recall info from LTM, it is transferred to STM by retrieval. Sensory register: info through senses. Duration less than half a second. High capacity, over 100 million cells in each eye each storing data. Very little in sensory reg passes into memory system. Passes through when u pay attention

Question 26

1 strength 2 weaknesses of MSM

Answer 26

+ baddelys coding research supports MSM view that STM and LTM are separate and independent stores as he found that they code differently - KF case study. More than 1 type of STM. KF had amnesia so had poor recall of digits when read to him, but recall was much better when he read them to himself. Shows that there are other STM stores e.g auditory and visual. - more than one type of LTM e.g Tulving types of LTM. MSM is incomplete

Question 27

2 strengths and 1 weakness of cognitive interview

Answer 27

+ Milne and Bull. Each technique used singly produced more info that standard interview. Combination of report everything and reinstate context produced best recall. At least 2 elements should be used + Köhnken meta analysis found ECI consistently provided more correct had than SI. Greater chance at catching and charging criminals - increase inaccurate info. 81% in correct info but 61% in incorrect when compared to standard