Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psych 5.0 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three stores in the Multi-Store Model (MSM)?

A

Sensory Register, Short-Term Memory (STM), Long-Term Memory (LTM)

Information flows linearly through each store

Each store has a different coding, capacity, and duration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the sensory register?

A

Where information from the senses enters memory

Very large capacity

Very short duration (less than half a second)

Modality specific (iconic for visual, echoic for sound)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What research supports the capacity of STM?

A

Miller (1956): 7 ± 2 items

STM can be increased using chunking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What research supports the duration of STM?

A

Peterson & Peterson (1959)

Participants recalled trigrams after delays

STM duration is around 18–30 seconds without rehearsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What research supports the coding of STM?

A

Baddeley (1966)

Acoustically similar/dissimilar words

STM relies on acoustic coding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What research supports the duration of LTM

A

Bahrick et al. (1975)

High school yearbook photo recall

Recognition after 15 years: 90%

Suggests very long-term memory duration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What research supports the coding of LTM?

A

Baddeley (1966)

Semantically similar/dissimilar word lists

LTM relies on semantic coding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a criticism of the Multi-Store Model (MSM)?

A

Oversimplifies STM and LTM

Suggests unitary stores, which is challenged by KF’s case study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What case study challenges MSM’s view of STM?

A

KF (Shallice & Warrington)

Brain damage impaired verbal STM but not visual

Suggests multiple STM stores, not one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the types of LTM?

A

Episodic: personal memories

Semantic: general knowledge

Procedural: skills and actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What research supports different types of LTM?

A

Tulving (1985): episodic and semantic stored in different parts of the brain

PET scans show different activity for each type

Clive Wearing: damaged episodic, intact procedural memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the Working Memory Model (WMM)?

A

Developed by Baddeley & Hitch (1974)

Replaced STM in MSM

Focuses on short-term processing and multiple components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the components of the Working Memory Model?

A

Central Executive

Phonological Loop (inner voice)

Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad (inner eye)

Episodic Buffer (added later)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of the Central Executive?

A

Directs attention and allocates tasks

Limited capacity

Coordinates the other components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What research supports the Phonological Loop?

A

Baddeley et al. (1975)

Word length effect: easier to recall short words

Supports limited capacity of articulatory process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the Phonological Loop?

A

processes verbal and auditory info

Subdivided into:

Phonological store (inner ear)

Articulatory process (inner voice)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad?

A

Processes visual and spatial info

Subdivided into:

Visual cache (stores images)

Inner scribe (arranges spatial info)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the Episodic Buffer?

A

Integrates info from all other components

Temporary store

Added later by Baddeley (2000)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What research supports the Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad?

A

Logie (1995): divided into visual and spatial

Dual task studies show interference if both tasks use same component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a strength of the WMM?

A

KF’s case: supports separate components

Impaired verbal STM, intact visual processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is interference theory in forgetting?

A

Two types:

Proactive interference: old interferes with new

Retroactive interference: new interferes with old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a limitation of the Central Executive?

A

Vague and under-explained

Needs further clarification or subdivision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What research supports interference theory?

A

McGeoch & McDonald (1931)

Word list learning

Similar material caused more forgetting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is retrieval failure theory?

A

Forgetting occurs due to absence of cues

Encoding specificity principle: cue must be present at encoding and retrieval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
What research supports context-dependent forgetting?
Godden & Baddeley (1975) Divers learned and recalled lists on land or underwater Recall was worse when context changed
23
What research supports state-dependent forgetting?
Carter & Cassaday (1998) Antihistamines created different physiological states Recall was worse when states didn’t match
23
What are the cognitive interview techniques?
Report everything Reinstate context Reverse the order Change perspective
24
What research supports the cognitive interview?
Fisher et al. (1987): trained detectives used cognitive interview Gathered more accurate info than standard methods
24
What is the enhanced cognitive interview?
Includes social dynamics (e.g., eye contact, reducing anxiety) Builds on the original cognitive interview
25
What are limitations of the cognitive interview?
Time consuming Requires specialist training Some techniques more effective than others
25
What research supports effectiveness of cognitive interview in meta-analysis?
Köhnken et al. (1999) 50 studies: cognitive interview produced more correct info But also more incorrect info
26
What is the effect of misleading information on eyewitness testimony?
Misleading questions can distort memory Example: leading questions or post-event discussion
26
What research shows effects of leading questions?
Loftus & Palmer (1974) Car crash videos with different verbs "Smashed" led to higher speed estimates than "hit"
27
What research shows effects of post-event discussion?
Gabbert et al. (2003) Pairs watched different angles of the same event 71% recalled information they hadn’t seen
27
What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law in relation to anxiety and EWT?
Moderate anxiety leads to best recall Too low or too high anxiety worsens performance Inverted-U shape relationship
28
What are leading questions and how do they affect EWT?
Leading questions suggest a particular answer Can distort eyewitness memory Linked to response-bias or substitution explanation
28
What study supports the effect of leading questions?
Loftus and Palmer (1974) Participants estimated car speeds using verbs like "smashed" or "contacted" "Smashed" = higher speed estimates Shows question wording affects memory recall
29
What is the substitution explanation in Loftus and Palmer's research?
Leading question changes memory Example: "smashed" group more likely to report broken glass (none existed) Memory not just influenced, but altered
30
What is post-event discussion?
When witnesses discuss the event after it happens Can lead to misinformation effect Creates memory conformity
31
What study supports post-event discussion effects?
Gabbert et al. (2003) Participants viewed different videos of the same crime 71% recalled info they hadn’t seen Control group: 0% inaccuracies
32
What explanations are given for post-event discussion effects?
Memory contamination: information becomes mixed Memory conformity: agreeing with others to fit in or appear right
33
What is a criticism of Loftus and Palmer’s research?
Artificial task: watching film clips, lacks emotional involvement Lacks external validity, doesn’t reflect real eyewitness experience
34
What is one strength of research into misleading information?
Practical applications: real-world use in legal system Police and legal professionals can improve interview techniques Loftus claimed leading questions can have serious real-life consequences
35
What is a limitation regarding individual differences in EWT?
Older people less accurate in EWT Anastasi and Rhodes (2006): accuracy varies by age People more accurate when identifying individuals of their own age group
36
What study suggests anxiety has a negative effect on recall?
Johnson and Scott (1976) Weapon-focus effect Knife condition = poorer recall of face than pen condition Anxiety leads to tunnel vision on weapon
37
How does anxiety affect eyewitness testimony?
Mixed findings: anxiety may improve or impair recall Important to distinguish between physical arousal and emotional stress
37
What is the weapon focus effect?
Witness focuses attention on weapon Reduces ability to recall other details Related to heightened anxiety
38
What is a criticism of Johnson and Scott’s weapon focus study?
May measure surprise not anxiety Pickel (1998): poor recall for unusual items (e.g., raw chicken), regardless of threat Suggests unusualness, not anxiety, causes effect
39
What study supports a positive effect of anxiety on EWT?
Yuille and Cutshall (1986) Real-life gun shop shooting High anxiety witnesses gave more accurate recall months later Anxiety may enhance memory in real situations
39
What methodological strengths did Yuille and Cutshall’s study have?
Naturalistic setting High ecological validity Participants were real eyewitnesses
40
What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law in the context of EWT?
Performance increases with stress to a point Too little or too much stress impairs memory Inverted U-shaped relationship
40
What are criticisms of the inverted-U explanation?
Oversimplified view of anxiety Doesn’t consider cognitive aspects like worry or distraction Reduces complex experience to arousal level
41
What is the cognitive interview (CI)?
Method to improve EWT Based on psychological understanding of memory Developed by Fisher and Geiselman (1992)
42
What are the four techniques of the cognitive interview?
Report everything: even trivial details Reinstate context: mental reinstatement of the environment Reverse the order: prevents dishonesty and schemas Change perspective: reduces influence of expectations
43
What is the Enhanced Cognitive Interview (ECI)?
Includes social and communication strategies Eye contact, reducing anxiety, asking open-ended questions Builds rapport between interviewer and witness
44
What research supports the effectiveness of the cognitive interview?
Fisher et al. (1987): trained detectives with CI in Miami Gained significantly more accurate and detailed information
45
What did Köhnken et al. (1999) find in their meta-analysis of CI?
CI produced more correct info than standard interview But also more incorrect info Suggests greater quantity, not always better quality
46
What is one criticism of the cognitive interview?
Time-consuming and resource intensive Requires proper training Not all techniques may be equally useful or applied consistently
47
What evaluation point relates to variations of the CI in practice?
Police often use partial CI (e.g., report everything + context reinstatement) Hard to compare studies due to lack of standardisation Variation affects reliability of research findings
48
What is the overall evaluation of the CI technique?
Increases recall but also errors More useful in professional contexts with trained officers Must balance effectiveness with practicality

Psych 5.0 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions