Memory

Question 1

define memory

Answer 1

the process of encoding, storing and retrieving information that has been acquired through learning

Question 2

1. Encoding

Answer 2

conversion of sensory information into a useable form so that it can be
neurologically represented (manipulation of stimuli)

Question 3

2. Storage

Answer 3

retention of the encoded information over time

Question 4

3. Retrieval

Answer 4

recovery of stored information for use when needed

Question 5

Atkinson Shiffrin multi store model of memory

Answer 5

Considers memory as a system with three distinct stores which interact to encode, store and retrieve information

Question 6

Each store has unique purposes, characteristics, capacities and durations:

Answer 6

Sensory memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory

Question 7

Sensory memory

Answer 7

The entry point for
memory, as it is
detected by your
senses

Stored as an exact
replica of the
environment as it has
not yet been
manipulated

-This form isn’t
recognised by the brain

Question 8

duration of sensory memory

Answer 8

0.2- 4 seconds

Question 9

capacity of sensory memory

Answer 9

Unlimited capacity

Capacity-Briefly stores raw
information detected
by the senses

Question 10

Iconic memory (sensory
register)

Answer 10

all visual sensory
register in its raw form

duration is 0.3- 0.4 seconds

and capacity is unlimited

Question 11

Echoic memory
(sensory register)

Answer 11

-All auditory goes into
the hearing sensory
register

3-4 second duration
unlimited capacity

Question 12

Short-term memory
(STM)
(Working memory)

Answer 12

Store of memory that
holds limited
information that is
consciously attended to
and manipulated
-Information in the STM
can come from sensory
memory or LTM
-No longer raw in its
encoded form
-Manipulation may
include updating,
adding, or changing the
information

Question 13

duration of short term memory

Answer 13

15- 30 seconds
(can be manipulated
through rehearsal)

Question 14

capacity of short term memory

Answer 14

Approximately 5-9
items
(can be manipulated
using chunking

Question 15

Long-term memory
(LTM)

Answer 15

-contains all the
information retained
from past events &
facts
- memories have been
encoded to a useable
form
-not consciously aware
of memories in our LTM
-can be retrieved back
into our STM

Question 16

duration and capita of long term memory

Answer 16

unlimited capacity

unlimited duration

Question 17

Short Term Memory- STM displacement

Answer 17

when information in the STM is pushed out by new incoming information

Question 18

short term memory Decay

Answer 18

when information fades away on its own after the duration of the STM has expired

Question 19

show term memory chunking

Answer 19

when information fades away on its own after the duration of the STM has expired (chunks) these chunks are more meaningful. Chunking can increase the capacity of the STM.

Question 20

Long Term Memory- LTM
Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 20

rote repetition, of information over and over again

Question 21

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 21

linking and organising new information with existing information (more effective rehearsal method)

Question 22

explanatory power of MULTI-STORE MODEL OF MEMORY
-strengths

Answer 22

• distinguishes between different stores involved in memory
• outlines each stores capacity and duration
• provides a good understanding of the structure and process of memory

Question 23

explanatory power of MULTI-STORE MODEL OF MEMORY
-weekness

Answer 23

• may be considered to be oversimplified
• STM is more complex than the model suggests, encompasses different components within it
• ignore factors such as motivation and strategy
• Transferring into the LTM can occur without Rehearsal
  the model doesn’t account for individual differences in memory

Question 24

LONG TERM MEMORY (LTM
- explicit memory

Answer 24

• AKA declarative memory (declared or stated to someone else)
• A type of long-term memory that is consciously retrieved, we are engaging in the process of retrieving
  Can be voluntarily retrieved form long term memory

Question 25

what are the two types of explicit memory's

Answer 25

semantic memory, episodic memory

Question 26

Semantic memory

Answer 26

Consists of general knowledge or facts - Facts, school content, birthdates, historical events, scientific principles

Question 27

eposodic memory

Answer 27

Consists of personal experiences or events - Unique to each individual and their own personal experiences - The episodes of someone’s life (events) - Significant milestones, mundane events

Question 28

2. Implicit memory

Answer 28

LTM that is unconsciously retrieved (not aware of these memories) - These memories are involuntarily retrieved

Question 29

what are the two types of implicit memory's

Answer 29

classically conditioned memory, procedural memory

Question 30

classically conditioned memory

Answer 30

Involuntary response that is usually emotionally charged - Retrieved involuntarily and can be reflexive - Can be an emotional or behavioural response

Question 31

procedural memory

Answer 31

-Involves knowing how to carry out tasks that are facilitated by motor skills - Such as knowing how to tie your shoelace, kick a ball, play the guitar

Question 32

Brain structures involved in memory

Answer 32

- Hippocampus - Amygdala - Neocortex - Basal gangala - Cerebellum

Question 33

Hippocampus

Answer 33

Located at the temporal lobe of the brain, one in each hemisphere - Primarily involved in the formation and encoding of explicit (semantic and episodic) memories - Period of time is required to ensure its long lasting when transferred to LTM - Hippocampus plays a vital role in consolidation of explicit memories - Consolidation is the neurobiological process of making a newly formed memory stable and enduring are a learning experience - People with damage to the hippocampus may have difficulty forming new memories (explicit- declarative)

Question 34

Amygdala

Answer 34

-Primarily involved in encoding emotional components of memories - Also located in the temporal lobe Aka ‘fear centre’ - Responsive for encoding the emotional component of classically conditioned and explicit memories - Contributes to memories being encoded in greater detail - Doesn’t have a role in encoding procedural memories

Question 35

Neocortex

Answer 35

Stores explicit memories (doesn’t encode them) - Consists of 6 layers and is a part of the cerebral cortex - One episodic and semantic memories are converted into a useable form they are stored within the neocortex

Question 36

Basal gangala

Answer 36

-Involved in encoding and storing procedural memories and Classical conditioned memories that are associated with unconscious habits, behaviours, or procedures - Involved in encoding and storing responses learnt through CC (behavioural component) Stores precaudal memories via its connection with cerebellum

Question 37

Cerebellum

Answer 37

- Encodes and store implicit procedural memories - Due to the cerebellum being involved in the processes of motor control, coordination and balance - Receives input from other brain regions, organises it into a clear sequence, sends it to skeletal muscles

Question 38

Autobiographical events-

Answer 38

personally lived experiences that have occurred to us at some time in our lives In order to retrieve and become consciously aware of these events we must mentally time travel and place ourselves in the context of the event. - Ability to mentally time travel and remember recent/ distant thoughts or feelings is unique to episodic memory - These events are stored in our LTM and are retrieved when you speak or think about - autobiographical events involve an overlap between episodic and semantic memory.

Question 39

Retrieval

Answer 39

the process of accessing information that has been stored in LTM and bringing it into our conscious awareness in STM Hippocampus = primarily responsible for the retrieval of episodic memories Frontal/ temporal lobe = responsible fore the retrieval of semantic memories

Question 40

Constructing possible imagined futures

Answer 40

Episodic and semantic memories are involved in constructing possible imagined futures

Question 41

define - Possible imagined futures

Answer 41

hypothetical experiences and situations that an individual has the ability to create and conceptualise in their mind

Question 42

what brain structures are involved in constructing posible imagined futures

Answer 42

Brain regions involved in the retrieval of autobiographical experiences are also activated when people construct possible imagined futures - Hippocampus is needed as to create possible imagined future individuals draw on experiences from their semantic and episodic memories

Question 43

Alzheimer’s disease definition

Answer 43

Neurodegenerative disease characterised by the progressive loss of neurons in the brain causing memory decline

Question 44

what is affected by Alzheimer's disease

Answer 44

- Hippocampus is the first to be affected and later effects the amygdala - Short term memory is lost and then progressively Long-Term Memory degenerates - Progressively impairs the functions of the central nervous system - Atrophies brain tissue

Question 45

structural and functional neuromoging alzimers disease

Answer 45

- Structural neuroimaging can detect a loss of function - Functional neuroimaging techniques can show the neural activity of the brain

Question 46

Retrograde amnesia-

Answer 46

older autobiographical events, effecting most recent events and eventually impacting the oldest memories

Question 47

Anterograde amnesia-

Answer 47

trouble forming new memories of recent events

Question 48

alzimers impact on the brain

Answer 48

1.Amyloid plaques 2. Neurofibrillary tangles

Question 49

1.Amyloid plaques(

Answer 49

(outside/between neurons – plaque on outside/between teeth) - Fragments of the protein beta- amyloid that accumulates into insoluble plagues - Inhibit communication between neurons

Question 50

2. Neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 50

(inside the nuron) - Accumulation of the protein tau that forms insoluble tangles within neurons - Then inhibit the transportation of essential substances - Eventually kills the neuron entirely

Question 51

Aphantasia

Answer 51

A phenomenon in which individuals lack the capacity to generate mental imagery - Mental imagery refers to generating mental representation without the presence of sensory stimuli - People with aphantasia cannot vividly recall previous auto-biographical memories due to their inability to engage in mental imagery - Therefore, it difficult to construct possible imagined futures