Memory Flashcards

Question

What is the role of the central executive?

Answer 1

Directs attention to particular tasks, monitors incoming data - decision making and allocating tasks to the other slave systems Considered the most important part of WMM but has limited duration and capacity It is modality free which means info can be stored in any form

Answer 2

The Pl deals with acoustic information, written and spoken material The PL is broken down into two sub-units: - Articulatory process 'inner voice' (allows for maintenance rehearsal) - Phonological store 'inner ear' (stores the words you hear, holds the memory of sounds for up to 2 seconds)

Answer 3

Processes visual and spatial information in a mental space, limited capacity of around 3 or 4 objects Can be divided into two subgroups: - The visual cache- stored visual data - The inner scribe- records the arrangement of objects in the visual field 'how things look'

Answer 4

A later addition, facilitates the communication between the CE and LTM Brings info together from all other subsystems Limited capacity of 4 chunks

Answer 5

- Clinical evidence in case studies e.g. KF, suffered brain damage damaging his STM, struggled with verbal info but his visual memory was unaffected +VSSP and PL - Dual-task performance, if two tasks make use of the same component they cannot be performed together but if they use different components, it should be possible B&H carried out a D-T performance study with supporting findings - Word-length effect= supports the PL, Baddeley- short words are easier to recall then long

Answer 6

- Nature of the CE- difficult to quantify, little research has been done to understand it - Case study evidence of KF is not generalisable - Lack of clarity over transfer of information (EB added late with limited explanation for why)

Answer 7

Proactive interference old memories block the recall of new memories Retroactive interference new memories block the recall of old memories

Answer 8

McGeoch and McDonald, found that when ppts were divided into 6 groups to recall different word lists (synonyms, antonyms, words unrelated to OG list , numbers and syllables) or no new list (control),those who learn the synonyms experienced average 3 fewer correct items recalled

Answer 9

- Artificial stimuli - The research is often conducted in very short periods of time, doesn't reflect the normal passage of time + Interference has been repeatedly demonstrated in studies + Baddeley and Hitch give research support (Rugby players)

Answer 10

Suggests that the effectiveness of a cue depends on how closely it matches the cues that were present during the encoding

Answer 11

- Suggests the forgetting occurs because the 'cues' that are present at time of encoding are not present at time of recall. It claims there is context-dependent forgetting and state-dependent forgetting.

Answer 12

CD forgetting occurs when our external cues at the time of encoding do not match our internal cues at the time of retrieval This was demonstrated by Godden and Baddeley's scuba diving study Found that those who learnt the word list underwater/on ground and recalled in the same condition had higher recall then if they learnt the word list underwater and recalled on land and vice versa

Answer 13

State-dependent forgetting occurs when our internal cues at the time of encoding do not match to our internal cues during recall Weingartner carried out a similar method to Godden and Baddeley but rather then changing external cues he changed their internal cues with alcohol, similar results when sober/drunk at learning recall was better in the same state.

Answer 14

+Real-life application and support from lab studies, both objective, controlled and ecologically valid + Real-life application in crime scene re-enactments and revision techniques

Answer 15

-Context effects have been questioned- Baddeley argued the scuba diver study is questionable because real life context changes aren't as large as going underwater (changing room) - Encoding Specificity principle is not testable, no way to establish if these assumptions are correct- we cannot test the encoding of a cue

Answer 16

The accuracy of an eyewitness testimony being reduced through the influence of misleading information in the form of leading questions or post-event discussion

Answer 17

Loftus and Palmer Ppts watched a film clip of a car crash and then had to give speed estimates of the cars based on the leading question 'How fast were the cars going before they X into each other'

Answer 18

The ppts preconceived expectations of how they would imagine the crime and the ppts recall details that they didn't witness.

Answer 19

Gabbert et al Used matched-pairs design showing ppts a film clip of the same crime scene but with different details for each member and then completing a test of recall, the researchers found 70% inaccuracy rates compared to 0% in an isolated control group

Answer 20

- Most studies only involved young targets- age bias (tendency to recall others from your own age group with a higher degree of accuracy) meaning ppts aged 55-78 may be inaccurately represented as having a lower accuracy EWT - Demand characteristics of the findings, ppts want to be attentive and helpful (social desirability bias) - Artificial tasks and stimuli used by Loftus and Palmer and Gabbert, watching clips ignore any anxiety factors caused by really witnessing it.

Answer 21

Johnson and Scott, 1. Ppts were in a high anxiety condition overhearing and argument with the sound of glass smashing and a man walking through the waiting room with a bloody paper-knife 2. Ppts were in a low anxiety room with a pen replacing the bloody knife When asked to recall the man high anxiety ppts had 16% less accurate recall, this may be explained by the weapon focus theory where our attention is drawn to the weapon

Answer 22

Yuille and Cutshall followed up with 13 eyewitnesses of a real shooting in a shop, researchers found that EWT accuracy was still high with a 11% higher accuracy for those who rated their anxiety as high

Answer 23

- Weapon-focus may be surprise rather than anxiety - There are significant ethical issues associated with exposing ppts to high anxiety conditions - Real-life studies e.g. Yuille and Cutshall are susceptible to extraneous variables such as post-event discussion- -Yerkes-Dodson law suggests that there is an inverted U relationship with increased arousal and increasing performance, this moderate arousal yielding the highest levels of performance

Answer 24

A method of interviewing eyewitnesses which is thought to be particularly effective in increasing accurate recall

Answer 25

1. Reinstate context - Recalling the location, weather and mood prevents context-dependent forgetting 2. Recall everything - Even something insignificant as it may trigger the recall of larger events 3. Reverse order- Recalling events in a different order, reduces the ability of the eyewitness to lie or make things up (due to schemas) 4. Change perspective- Recalling the events from the perspective of the victim or perpetrator.

Answer 26

- May have little practical value, time consuming and requires specialists with lots of hours of training - The CI increases the recall of correct information by 81% but also the recall of incorrect information by 61% (counter intuitive)

Answer 27

+ Increases accurate recall by 81% +Not all of the steps need to be used to reap the benefits, studies suggest even just the first two stages produce a great level of accurate recall

Memory Flashcards

(52 cards)