Memory Flashcards
(6 cards)
Describe memory and outline the model of information processing
Memory is the set of processes that allow us to record, store, and later retrieve experiences and information (Morrison & Morrison, 2018, p. 280). It allows us to learn from experiences and adapt to changing environments.
The Information Processing Model compares memory to a computer system, involving:
Encoding – Translating information into a neural code that the brain processes.
Storage – Retaining information over time in different memory stores.
Retrieval – Accessing stored information when needed.
Describe working memory
Working memory is a limited-capacity system that temporarily stores and processes information (Morrison & Morrison, 2018, p. 284).
Phonological Loop – Briefly stores verbal and auditory information.
Visuospatial Sketchpad – Stores visual and spatial data.
Episodic Buffer – Integrates information from different memory systems.
Central Executive – Directs attention, planning, and problem-solving.
Outline major types of long term memory
Long-term memory consists of:
Declarative Memory – Conscious recollection of information, including:
Episodic Memory – Personal experiences (e.g., remembering a childhood event).
Semantic Memory – General knowledge (e.g., knowing capital cities).
Procedural Memory – Unconscious memory for skills and actions (e.g., riding a bike).
Implicit Memory – Memory influences without conscious awareness (e.g., conditioned responses).
describe how information is encoded and organised in long term memory
Encoding occurs through effortful processing (intentional encoding) and automatic processing (unintentional encoding).
Levels of Processing – Deep processing (focusing on meaning) enhances memory more than shallow processing (focusing on surface details).
Schemas – Mental frameworks shape how information is encoded and retrieved.
Associative Networks – Memory is stored as linked concepts.
Explain why remembering, misremembering and forgetting occur
Remembering – Effective retrieval involves using multiple retrieval cues and deep processing techniques.
Misremembering – Distortions occur due to schemas, suggestive questioning, and the misinformation effect (incorrect details influencing recall).
Forgetting – Caused by:
Encoding Failures – Information never stored.
Decay – Memory fades over time.
Interference – Other memories block retrieval (proactive vs. retroactive interference).
Motivated Forgetting – Repressing distressing memories.
Describe the research investigating autobiographical memory and explain the reminiscence bump
Autobiographical Memory – Memory of personally experienced events (Morrison & Morrison, 2018, p. 296).
Reminiscence Bump – People tend to recall more memories from adolescence and early adulthood (ages 15–25). This occurs because these years are emotionally significant and involve identity formation.
