Memory 2

Question 1

Is playing your favourite piano piece by heart declarative or non-declarative?

Answer 1

non-declarative

Question 2

What did carl Lashley do? What was he looking for?

Answer 2

got mice to solve mazes. Would create lesions on the brain and put them back in the maze to see if they could still solve it. He found that no matter where he damaged the brain, they could solve it. He was looking for the engram

Question 3

What is the equipotentiality hypothesis?

Answer 3

if the part of the brain involved with memory is damaged, another part of the brain will take over memory function.

Question 4

In what respect was Lashley correct?

Answer 4

He was right in that he implied that the whole brain is involved with memory which is true but not in the way he believed. The problem with him is that he created lesions on the neo-cortex (the available part of the brain), he didn’t access the limbic system.

Question 5

What is the engram?

Answer 5

The bunch of nuerons responsible for memory

Question 6

What do we now know about the engram?

Answer 6

We know that it has all the instructions for the memory but when you recall the memory it goes to different lobes and structures to find the different aspects of the memory.

Question 7

What are 4 areas of he brain that the engram recruits for memory?

Answer 7

The prefrontal cortex, the amygdala, the hippocampus, the cerebellum

Question 8

What is the amygdala involved with in respect to memory?

Answer 8

Emotional regulation, lateral amygdala, pairing emotion with memory, involved in memory consolidation, especially for emotionally arousing events.

Question 9

What does the amygdala do in respect to memory?

Answer 9

Takes the memory and consolidates it (turns it into longterm memory)

Question 10

What would happen if you were to damage the lateral amygdala?

Answer 10

You won’t pair emotion with the stimulus.

Question 11

What is the hippocampus responsible for in regards to memory? (Not asking about declarative vs non-declarative)

Answer 11

Episodic memories, recognition memory, consolidation, calls on all parts of the brain to reconstruct a memory.

Question 12

What would happen if you were to damage the hippocampus?

Answer 12

Affect on declarative memories. Damage would mainly affect episodic memory but this can also effect somantic memory.

Question 13

What part of the brain does multiple choice trigger?

Answer 13

The hippocampus

Question 14

What type of question would trigger somantic memories affected in the hippocampus?

Answer 14

Possibly a short answer question

Question 15

What is the cerebellum involved in with respect to memory?

Answer 15

non-declarative memories, procedural memories, Motor learning, Classical conditioning.

Question 16

What does the cerebellum do?

Answer 16

It regulates involuntary movements and refines gross motor movement. The cerebellum is involved with procedural memory. Anything involving motor learning.

Question 17

What are the similar but distinct roles that the cerebellum and amygdala play?

Answer 17

Classical conditioning with motor reflex is the cerebellum, emotional response is the amygdala.

Question 18

What was interesting about the case of H.M regarding the cerebellum and hippocampie

Answer 18

He experienced extreme seizures and surgens went in and removed both hippocampus and it affected his episodic memory. Even though he couldn’t remember stuff, his cerebellum could still help him learn to do motor things like surfing.

Question 19

What is the inferior frontal gyrus responsible for? Where is it found?

Answer 19

The prefrontal cortex. Semantic learning

Question 20

Where is the primary motor cortex? What does it deal with?

Answer 20

It is in the prefrontal cortex. It deals with thinking, reasoning, planning.

Question 21

What type of memory is the prefrontal cortex involved with?

Answer 21

semantic

Question 22

Which hemisphere does a lot of our semantic learning happen in? Why?

Answer 22

Our left hemisphere because that’s where the broca’s area is

Question 23

What is the right hemisphere involved with in terms of memory?

Answer 23

Retrieving information

Question 24

What is the summary of the amygdala’s role in memory?

Answer 24

it deals with declarative and non-declarative (emotional) memory. It mainly deals with non-declarative memory and also deals with emotional conditioning.

Question 25

What is the summary of the hippocampus’ role in memory?

Answer 25

Declarative (episodic memories). Also involved with semantic memories.

Question 26

What type of memory does the cerebellum deal with?

Answer 26

It deals with non-declarative (procedural) memory.

Question 27

What is the summary of the pre-frontal cortex’s role in memory?

Answer 27

It deals with declarative (semantic) memory

Question 28

How does the myelin sheath work into memory?

Answer 28

When you do something over and over, the axon body becomes more myelenated. If you use memory a lot and you use those nuerons, the neurotransmitters also have to be handy. Memory affects the neurotransmitters associated with those nuerons.

Question 29

How are neurons involved with memory?

Answer 29

• Increased neurotransmitters in synapse
• This allows for more efficient synaptic connection between neurons.
• This allows for more synaptic connections

Question 30

What are the 5 neurotransmitters associated with memory? What stimulates them?

Answer 30

dopamine, norepinepherine, seratonin, glitamate, acetylcholine. Amygdala emotional response stimulates neurotransmitters.

Question 31

What is arousal theory?

Answer 31

Strong emotions create strong memories because they activate a lot of neurotransmitters

Question 32

What neurotransmitter is released in times of stress and around highly visceral stimuli?

Answer 32

Glutamate

Question 33

What is a flashbulb memory? When do they happen?

Answer 33

Flashbulb memory is a very clear recollection of an important event. A lot of flashbulb memories happen with traumatic events because they get encoded as such. When we have traumatic events they often come up as flashbulb memories but they don’t encode the full event which makes it difficult to figure out what actually happened.

Question 34

How can damage occur in regard to memory?

Answer 34

physical damage, disease or psychological trauma

Question 35

What is distortion?

Answer 35

How our previous beliefs can distort memories.

Question 36

What would happen if we have damage to the hippocampus?

Answer 36

Amnesia

Question 37

What is amnesia? What can it be caused by? What type of memory does it deal with?

Answer 37

Loss of long term memory. Can be caused by physical/psychological trauma/ disease. It deals with declarative memory (Episodic and Semantic)

Question 38

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 38

When you can remember the past but can’t make future memories.

Question 39

What is the problem when people have amnesia?

Answer 39

They have problems with consolidation. They can’t consolidate new episodic memories.

Question 40

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 40

Loss of memories prior to trauma. Partial or full loss of memories. You can make new semantic or episodic memories.

Question 41

What is construction?

Answer 41

Making a new memory

Question 42

What is reconstruction?

Answer 42

Bringing up old memories

Question 43

What are the 7 sins of memory?

Answer 43

Transience, absentmindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, persistence

Question 44

What are the 5 things that can cause problems with memory?

Answer 44

Damage, encoding, forgetting, distortion, intrusion.

Question 45

What are the 2 types of declarative memory?

Answer 45

Semantic and Episode

Question 46

What is the definition of explicit memory? Example?

Answer 46

is conscious, intentional remembering of information. Remembering a social security number involves explicit memory.

Question 47

What is the definition of implicit memory

Answer 47

unconscious retention of information

Question 48

What is the definition of declarative memory? What are examples? Why is it considered explicit?

Answer 48

is recall of factual information such as dates, words, faces, events, and concepts. Remembering the capital of France, the rules for playing football, and what happened in the last game of the World Series involves declarative memory. Declarative memory is usually considered to be explicit because it involves conscious, intentional remembering.

Question 49

Why is procedural memory implicit? What are examples?

Answer 49

is recall of how to do things such as swimming or driving a car. Procedural memory is usually considered implicit because people don’t have to consciously remember how to perform actions or skills.

Question 50

What is semantic memory? Example?

Answer 50

is recall of general facts. Remembering the capital of France and the rules for playing football uses semantic memory

Question 51

What is episodic memory? Example?

Answer 51

is recall of personal facts. Remembering what happened in the last game of the World Series uses episodic memory.

Question 52

What is non-declarative memory?

Answer 52

a collection of various forms of memory that operate automatically and accumulate information that is not accessible to conscious recollection. For instance, one can do something faster if one has done it before, even if one cannot recall the earlier performance. non-declarative

Question 53

What are the types of implicit memory?

Answer 53

procedural and emotional conditioning