Memory 2 Flashcards

(115 cards)

1
Q

Traditional Stages of Memory

A
  • Sensory
  • Short term
  • long Term
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2
Q

Facts about Sensory Memory

A
  • Initial stage of encoding from stimulus to neural energy (Ex: tranduction of eye/ retina to brain or ear to brain or smell to brain)
  • Briefest stage of memory process (lasts milliseconds to a few seconds)
  • Rapid decay
  • limited capacity
  • _________________
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3
Q

Short-Term Memory

A
  • Typically auditory
  • Rehearsal (maintenance vs elaborative)
  • Fill in the blank
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4
Q

History of Memory

A

Ebbinghaus(1800s)–Frederick Bartlett (1930s)–Gestalt school (1930s)–Sigmund Freud–Rise of Behaviorialism (1930s)–The Computer Revolution (1950s)–Modern Day

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5
Q

Long Term Memory (LTM)

A
  • Relatively unlimited in terms of duration and capacity

- Ex:_____

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6
Q

Implicit/Non-Declarative Memory

A

-“How to” memory
-Procedural, emotional, priming
-Classically/ Operant condition behaviors
-Reflexive/ automatic
Ex:__________

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7
Q

Explicit/Declarative Memory

A
  • “That is” memory
  • episodic, semantic,
  • Reflective
  • Ex:______
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8
Q

Episodic vs. Semantic memory

A
  • Both are types of Explicit/Declarative memory
  • Episodic: Specific events at specific times (Ex:_____)
  • Semantic: General knowledge (Ex:_____)
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9
Q

Implicit/Non-Declarative Memory

A

-“How to” memory
-Basal Ganglia is important structure
-Procedural, emotional, priming
-Classically/ Operant condition behaviors
-Reflexive/ automatic
Ex:__________

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10
Q

Explicit/Declarative Memory

A
  • “That is” memory
  • Hippocampus is important structure
  • episodic, semantic,
  • Reflective
  • Ex:______
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11
Q

Recognition

A

-old-new/forced choice
Ex:____
-Guessing/ chance perfomance
Ex:_____

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12
Q

Neuroscience methods for studying memory

A

In Animals: Ablation studies, recording studies (Ex:_____)

-In Humans: EEGs, PETscans, fMRI

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13
Q

MODAL Model of memory

A
  • Atinkson shriffrin (1968)
  • Sensory registers
  • Processes: Encoding–storage–Retrieval
  • Major criticism
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14
Q

MODAL Model of memory

A
  • proposed by Atinkson shriffrin (1968)
  • One of the first
  • Sensory registers
  • Processes: Encoding–storage–Retrieval
  • Major criticism
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15
Q

2 stages that Karl Ashley developed

A
  • Mass action
  • Equipotentiality
  • How: In rats, moving parts of their brain in maze study
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16
Q

Problems with Ablation studies in animals?

A

-The brain works all together so you shouldn’t just cut things out to see how they work individually you have to see how it all works together
Ex: Recording studies (stereotastichic) using electrodes to record diff parts of the brain

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17
Q

What is a “Model” in relation to memory?

A

A visual representation of how things work

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18
Q

MODAL Model of memory

A
  • proposed by Atinkson shriffrin (1968)
  • One of the first “models of memory”
  • Was updated in 1971 and added sensory registers
  • Sensory registers
  • Processes: Encoding–storage–Retrieval
  • Major criticism: Too linear, meaning memory is more complex than what they make it seem, there’s top down processing
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19
Q

What is a “Model” in relation to memory?

A

A visual representation of how things work

Ex: ______

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20
Q

Sensory registers

A
  • Think of them as “storage facilities”
  • Stimuli comes into STM-LTM-Sensory Memory
  • Memory can still get lost inbetween the storage facilities
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21
Q

What is a “Model” in relation to memory?

A

A visual representation of how things work

Ex: _____“Working memory”??

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22
Q

Does LTM last for the rest of your life?

A

Yes, unless you have a degenerative disease (massive loss of neurons)

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23
Q

Neural stage of sensory memory begins in the

A

Eye (Retina),
-b/c thats where transduction occurs.

Ear (hair cells on basilar membrane in the cochlea)
-b/c thats where vibration occurs

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24
Q

What “Lacks meaning” in relation to sensory memory ?

A

The nature of storage (The process of encoding/ transduction)

Why: b/c initially it’s just a picture or just a word once it’s processed in the brain…The info is just temporarily stored on the retina not in the brain cortex yet

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25
3 Types of Sensory Memories
- Iconic: shortest stage(parallel, vision @ once), "memory for Visual" Ex:More parallel - Echoic: "memory for Auditory" (Ex: More serial) - Haptic/Tactile: "memory for Touch" (Ex: touch memory, identifying a key/objects by touch)
26
3 Types of Sensory Memories
- Iconic: lasts, 1/2 a second, "memory for Visual" (Ex:_____) - Echoic: lasts 1-3 seconds, "memory for Auditory" (Ex:listening to the lectures vs. just watching silent video) - Haptic/Tactile: "memory for Touch" (Ex: touch memory, identifying a key/objects by touch)
27
Between Iconic or Echoic, which memory processing is the shortest stage?
-Iconic (half a second)
28
SPAN (Capacity)
"How much info can be held in different memories" Ex: **NAOM's Article Presentation** Real life Ex: While listening to the lecture recording I can process & take notes better just listening vs looking at powerpoints
29
Iconic Memory + 3 requirements
-The visual sensory memory -"EYEconic memory" Ex: **GEORGE SPERLING 1960 ARTICLE** very little leave the retina to attention is required saccides it lasts on your eyes for 300-500 ms on the retina rapid decay of info so there is no overlap of the 30ms gap from the saccide
30
George Sperling Article (1960)
- Span for iconic memory - Methods/How: Used taschiscope to present stimuli quickly (the eye doctor test), - Results/Findings: Iconic memory doesn't last long, They only recalled 4-5 letters, there are 3 tones ppl will hear (Fz tones), Icon - Memory span is dependent on yourself, We have more stored in iconic memory than we can recall (partial reports are more accurate), - Pros: developed "Cueing recall", and you can see more than you can recall, b/c iconic memory is so short - Criticisms:
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Iconic Memory
-The visual sensory memory -"EYEconic memory" Ex: **GEORGE SPERLING 1960 ARTICLE**
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George Sperling Article (1960)
- Hypothesis: - Methods/How: Used taschiscope to present stimuli quickly (the eye doctor test), - Results/Findings: Iconic memory doesn't last long, They only recalled 4-5 letters, there are 3 tones ppl will hear (Fz tones), Icon - Pros/Cons: developed "Cueing recall" - Criticisms:
33
What is important in memory ?
ATTENTION!! - Specifically in the pre frontal region - Things that are important get our attention
34
Trans-saccadic fixation
- Eyes moving around, | - No visual info from the eye is stored b/c its too quick
35
What does "filling in the gaps" refer to with iconic memory ?
-The iconic memory from the previous visual memory (Ex: The memory of what we just saw lasts for a few seconds)
36
Why is info lost from an iconic memory store?
- Interference: | - Ex: Sperlning 1963 Masking experiment
37
Interference
- Most likely responsible for short duration of iconic memory - For STM and LTM - Ex: A bright light coming in activates retina, interferes with ability to store the memory - Real life Ex: Change blindness
38
Change Blindness
-Inability to detect changes in visual scene across icon stores Ex: The gorilla basketball videos, -Happens when: -Reflects our Expectation & Perceptual Biases -"Non perceptual biases can exert influence at this early stage"???
39
What Reflects our Expectations & Perceptual Biases?
Change blindness | -Ex:
40
Turvey (1973) Study
- Important for understanding Where Iconic memory is located and that it happens later on in the brain - Methods/How: 2 types of masking stimulus, shined bright light in left eye, partipant could read the right eye - Results/Findings: - Pros/Cons: de - Criticisms:
41
Echoic Memory
- The auditory sensory memory - Last longer than iconic - "ECHOE-conic memory"
42
Each sensory memory system is unique to it's task
- Iconic: Info presented/ represented | - Echoic: Info presented in ephermeral
43
Sensory Memory
- Preconscious/ Subconscious experience (Ex:______) - Located: - Info is represented as experienced (Ex: ____) - Attention to stimuli is critical (Ex:___)
44
Short Term Memory
- Longer than sensory memory (15-30sec) - Capacity span is digit (7 +/2: Miller's magic number) - More centrally located than sensory memory (Ex: distinct & downstream) - Quality of STM is _____ in different types - MOSTLY AUDITORY but, different types (verbal, visuospatial, spatial, object memory etc)
45
3 Methods of Retrieval for STM
1. 2. 3.
46
Why is there a need for a working memory model?
- STM as a passive store of verbal/visual info not enough to explain daily activities - Ex: performing complex math equation (keeping the numbers in STM but the process of long division is operating in LTM) - Real life Ex: Conversation, needing to remember what was said in order to respond (semantic meaning is stored in LTM)
47
Short Term Memory aka "Working Memory"
- Longer than sensory memory (15-30sec) - Capacity span is digit (7 +/2: Miller's magic number) - More centrally located than sensory memory (Ex: distinct & downstream) - Quality of STM is _____ in different types - MOSTLY AUDITORY but, different types (verbal, visuospatial, spatial, object memory etc)
48
3 Methods of Retrieval for STM
1. Parallel: Response time should not vary with list size 2. Serial self terminating: Response time should increase with list size, BUT ‘yes’ and ‘no answers should differ: ‘yes’ slope should be half that of ‘no’. 3. Serial exhaustive search: Response time should increase with list size AND slopes for ‘yes’ or ‘no’ should be the same
49
2 Processes of making memories?
-Explicit Processing -Implcit Processing Ex: Parasympathetic, automatic etc
50
Memory 101 (The Basics) flow chart
- "Chunking": refers to a learning technique, we use to remember smaller pieces of a bigger picture (Ex:857-869-0645, phone numbers) - "Information processing model"= Encoding - Attention, Encoding, Retrieval" is the umbrella - Theres kinds of Processing (Explicit/Implicit) - Input-Sensory Memory-STM-LTM - STM/ "Working Memory"
51
Memory is based on 2 things
1. The time (attention) you took into learning someting | 2. The process to encode/ store it
52
Working Memory
-A Model of memory
53
Models of Memory
- MODAL model (the first) - Working memory - Long Term Working Memory - Dynamic memory
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Models of Memory (*Give 2 examples & explain)*
- MODAL model (the first) - Working memory - Long Term Working Memory - Dynamic memory - Cowan's embedded Process Theory - Engle's Inhibatory control theory - Time based resource sharing
55
What is an Episodic Buffer?
- Definition: - Assumptions regarding the buffer: capacity - EX:
56
What is an Episodic Buffer?
- Definition: the last system of Braddeley & Hitch's Working memory model, - Happens when: to account for interaction btwn LTM and Working Memory (2:29 of Youtube Braddeley&Hitch vid) - Assumptions regarding the buffer: capacity - EX: using visuo
57
Studies about interference
- Chess players?: articulatory suppression does not impact chess playing in terms of remembering positions or determining next move, or routine driving (00:57, lecture 4) - Drivers? articulatory suppression can cause errors in JUDGEMENTS e. .g. When to apply brakes, stopping for a red light
58
Phonological Loop
-2 parts (store & sub-vocal rehearsal) 1. store: where the info goes to, if it's not used in 30 seconds its gone 2. sub-vocal rehearsal: continuous stimulated, - Part of Baddeley & Hitch's working memory model
59
Baddeley & Hitch Working Memory Model (1974 version)
-Tripartite "Slave systems" 1. Phonological loop: the storage info for verbal/auditory info, the slave/powerhouse (happens inner ear/voice), broca's area, left hemisphere 2. Central Execeutive: Generalized system, Determines info to PL or VS, nothing else Ex; monkey study, patricia goldman 3. Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad: responsible for visual and spatial info, 4. Episodic buffer: latest entry
60
Problems with Braddeley & Hitch's Model's
-They tried to create CLEAR CUT boundaries about the encoding and the memory system but a lot of things get encoded VERBALLY (Auditory, echoic memory) so it's "ambigous"??
61
Problems with Braddeley & Hitch's Model's
-They tried to create CLEAR CUT boundaries about the encoding and the memory system but a lot of things get encoded VERBALLY (Auditory, echoic memory) so it's "ambigous"?? -They realized they needed access to components of LTM b/c STM was not enough -
62
Can you measure Working memory?
Yes, | How: Span (capacity) test
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2 components of Span Test (2 components for working memory)
- Attention (active processing) & Retention 1. . Active processing (attention) 2. Retention
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3 Types of Span Test for Working Memory
- Reading span: read & recall the words of sentence - Comprehension span: is the sentence possibly or not, grammatically correct etc - Operation span: simple math Real life Ex: For a research study I did with 5th graders, we used these span tests to see if the students LEARNING MEMORY was WORKING in the summer w/o school
65
Where in the brain does Phonological loop activity (processes) occur?
- Broca's area (frontal lobe, produce speech) - Temporal/parietal junction (auditory/hearing) -Ex Diagnosis: Tumor in broca's area it's hard for ppl to speak even if they know what they want to say, this could happen from stroke "Broken broca's stroke area"
66
4 Phenomenas of Phonological Loop
1.Word length effect: the longer the words/more syllables the less words you can remember (b/c (Ex: think of dendrite sending info down a reallllyyy long neuron...or Metabatropic process is longer than Ionotropic b/c there's more steps) 2. Articulatory suppression: Interference of the phonological loop (when someone else is talking). It's hard to store verbal material when we actually talk 3. Phonological similarity: Hard to remember words in STM when they sound similar Ex: Meeting Craig and Greg at the same party (Ex: If a word sounds familiar to another word in the brain it competes like receptors) 4. Lexicality
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Lexicality Effect
- Reflects *processing* not just subvocal rehearsal (Knowing more real words in our memory vs. Fake bullshit words or foreign words) - component of Phonological loop phenomena - Shows how working memory taps into LTM
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Consolidation and LTM
- Patient H.M had loss of consolidation due to removal of hippocampus bilaterally - Long Term changes in synapses (increased protein synthesis, result from LTP) - 2cd Messenger
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Consolidation and LTM
- Patient H.M had loss of consolidation due to removal of hippocampus bilaterally - Long Term changes in synapses (increased protein synthesis, result from LTP) - 2cd Messenger hypothesis (explains how LTP can affect genetic trancription/translation which affect changes in protein synthesis needed for neuronal receptors, dendrites, axon terminals, etc.)
70
Who is H.M?
- Had a Bilateral medial temporal lobectomy (they cut most of his hippocampus out) - Had damaged neural areas (memory deficits) due to lobectomy - STM memory and LTM but couldn't consildate - Couldn't complete word stem with new vocabulary, b/c it's not in his lexical
71
Consolidation (2 Facts)
-Necesarry switch (process) for STM transfer to LTM transfer -You only need hippocampus to consildate explicit memory -Sensitive to disruption (Ex: Seizures in rats causes disruption in consolidating LTM) Real life Ex: Mild retrograde amnesia, sports related concussions, ECT in humans
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Consolidation
-Necesarry switch (process) for STM transfer to LTM transfer -Sensitive to disruption (Ex: Seizures in rats causes disruption in consolidating LTM) Real life Ex: Mild retrograde amnesia, sports related concussions, ECT in humans -Structure of the brain: Hippocampus
73
List 4 characteristics of LTM
- resistant (takes a great deal of neural damage "disease, injury" to lose LTM ) - Impossible to determine if forgetting is due to retrieval failure or "lost" memories - Not localized to individual neuron (1:3 vs 1:1) - Perhaps infinite capacity - Includes Explicit/ Implicit memory
74
Synaptic Changes in LTM
- Sensitization/desensizization post synaptic neurons (receptors only need a little or a lot of NT to release depending if their sensitized/desensitized) - Structural changes (formation of new synapses, increase in dendrites or axon terminals) - How?: Synaptic Plasticity hypothesis
75
Synaptic Plasticity hypothesis
- Ramon y Cajal 1894 - Sensitization/desensizization post synaptic neurons - Structural changes (formation of new synapses, increase in dendrites or axon terminals) - Repeated stimulation causes the synapses to be malleable and they can change
76
Harrison et al Article (2013)
- 05:08 from February 15th - Hypothesis: Can Working Memory influence fluid intelligence? - Fluid: Innate, constant - Crystallized: things you learn Near transfer task, far transfer tasks Findings: WM is only able to help for near and modern transfer tasks...it didn't improve fluid intelligence....WM and Fluid Intelligence are 2 separate things
77
How does consolidation result in Long Term synaptic changes?
Long Term Potentiation | -
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LTP (Long Term Potentiation)
-Repeated activity in the synapse is can change sensitivity of post synapse (The more you do something, the more it sinks in LTM) -Protein synthesis is critical for these synaptic changes to occur (Ex: Taser stimulation)
79
Implicit Memory (Kind of reflexive)
-Unconscious (Doesn't require conscious thought/awareness) -Involves language -5 types Ex: Trying to catch your balance
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2 Main Types of Implicit Memory
- Non-associative learning - Associative learning - Emotional - Procedural - Habit/Sequence - Perceptual/priming
81
-Non-associative learning:
-Habituation/Sensitization/Naturalization -simplest form of learning, even animals can learn, "doesn't require neurons"?? -
82
-Associative learning:
-Classical/ Operant conditioning -Procedural/skill "things we learn how to do" Real life Ex: You can train your brain to unconsciously drool at the thought of tacobell if you used CC or OC
83
Psych 101 Background
"Conditioning": Ways to train your brain 3 Types -Classical/Behavioral: Pavlov's dog, -Operant: B.F Skinner, Pos ReinForce/Neg RF -Sigmund Freud
84
True or False: If you can learn a habit, you UN-learn a habit?
True, - habits&skills are part of implicit (unconscious) memory - Ex: Pathways can be erased if you don't use the pathway over and over again
85
Incidental Learning
(Implicit) What happens to you when you don't realize you're learning something Ex: Listening to a lecture in the background and not realizing
86
Name 2 components of Learning/ Memory
- Relatively permanent change in behavior dependent upon experience. - Non associative & Associative
87
Corkin H.M Article (2002)
- Hypothesis: - Methods/How: - Results/Findings: Evidence of neuro degeneration in hippocampus, parts of parahippocampal gyrus - Pros/Cons: - Criticisms:
88
Classical conditioning vs. Operant conditioning
-Similarities: unconscious (implicit) processing, formation of associations (aplysia), generalization/discrimination, extinction/recovery(keeping the memory/association alive or else it fades), biological preparedness (neural connections;less plasticity), can be explicit too (semantic memory) - Spontaneous recover/extinct - Differences:
89
Formation of Association
-A component of Classical & Operant conditioning -formation of new synaptic connections Ex: Fear of dogs, can form from association of dogs and bite mark Example of Treatment: Therapy w/ Classical/Operant conditioning learning to love/hug dogs
90
List some Brain structures relevant in the process of memory/encoding memory?
-Hippocampus (Explain:_____) -Amygdala (Explain: emotional learning, fear response,) -Broca's area (Explain:_____) -Basal ganglia (Explain: procedural memory, motor skills) -Retina (Explain: transduction, beginning of sensory memory) -
91
Is Consciousness necessary* for associative learning to occur?
No | -b/c associative learning is a form of implicit (unconscious) learning
92
Ways to Test Implicit Memory
- Subject must show influence of prior experience without being aware of the experience. - Verbal priming tasks (Why:_____) - Non-verbal priming tasks (Why:_____)
93
2 Facts about Priming
-Priming effects can last for a very long time…up to 1 year post-testing. -works best when testing conditions are identical to priming conditions. (Ex: visual-visual vs. visual-verbal)
94
Sequence Learning
- A Specific Type Of Implicit/Non-declarative Learning - When things are in sequence it's easier to learn habituation/unconscious/ Implicit memory - FILL IN THE SLIDES - Ex:Grammar - -Slide 35 , Lecture 5 picture
95
Example of perceptual (visual) learning and incidental (implicit) learning
-Slide 34 , Lecture 5 picture
96
Maintenance
- Type of rehearsal | - Repetitionm
97
Elaborate
- Type of rehearsal - Making an anology - Connecting it to personal
98
2 types of Rehearsal for STM
- Maintenance | - Elaborative
99
4 Unique characteristics of the hippocampus cells that provide memory (Unique physiology of hippocampus cells)
- hippocampus is one of the few sites in the brain that can be regeneerated (new neurons) - reverbetating circuits: stimulate somin over and over again, the signal will keep reverberating around the cells - strongly connected to other
100
What does habit learning look like in the brain (what parts of the brain?)
-Put electrodes in monkey--dopamine neurons in substantia niagra release dopamine to basal ganglia whenever you do a habit ......
101
Classical forging task vs. Signal Task (Habit)
-Classical forging task: -Habit formation happens in basal ganglia -
102
What 2 structures are needed for sequence learning in the brain?
1. sensory motor cortex | 2. Basal ganglia
103
What structures are needed for habit/procedural/sequens learning in the brain?
- basal ganglia - substantia niagra - cerebellum
104
Perceptual learning/Priming
- sensory cortex | - frontal lobe
105
Fact 1
Repeated exposure causes long lasting changes in the synapse
106
Fact 2
Priming is a reduction in neural response
107
Mere exposure effect
-a phenomena of perceptual learning (just being exposed to something you learn)
108
Perceptual learning
Learn without feedback, but from doing it over and over again
109
3 stages done for procedural memory acquisition
1. cognitive: Need a lot of attention in this stage 2. Associative: More comfortable 3. Anonymous/mastery: Doing it automatically w/o thinking (Basal ganglia) - -You get here through chunking
110
Where does the dorsal and ventral stream get separated in the retina?
- Rods(where info ) | - Cones (what info)
111
Corsey span test
- used to test span for spatial memory | - Spatial memory More affected by interference than verbal memory
112
The visuospatial span
-You can remember 4 objects no matter how detailed the object is, we don't have to know every single detail to identify object
113
Sternberg (1960) 3 Findings on retrieval from STM
1. 2. Serial self terminating 3. Serial self exhausting
114
H.Mhttps://www.brainscape.com/l/study?classes=17441156-9845704
- Knocked unconscious injury as a child , family history of epilepsy/ childhood head injury - Suffered from severe incapacitating seizures - Maintained sense of morality, still recognizes himself (mere exposure effct) * *NO CHANGE IN EXPRESSION, Repeated daily exposure (neural representation) & bilateral amygdalectomy b/c emotion response was removed - He was getting better at improving but he was learning but had no memory of that - LAsted beyond what was in his medial temporal lobes - He was primed with words preoperation and it was hard because they don't know everyword they have
115
Equipotentiallity
Karl Ashley | -Each part of the brainb is =