Test 1 Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Atropine
A
ANT of ACH blocks, muscarinic (metabotropic) receptors
-Dialted pupils
-
2
Q
Astrocytes (3)
A
structural and chemical support, regulates extracellular fluid and provides nutrients to neurons
- structure, hold neurons together, supply nutrients, regulate fluid
3
Q
Neuropeptides
A
synthesized in soma, large protein molecule travels down axon in vesicles containing the enzyme needed to make the NP, slow process,
endorphins, opiates, and CRF
4
Q
Classical NT
A
synthesized in the terminals of axons
5
Q
Neuromodulators (3)
A
naturally occurring substances, not restricted to SC, diffuses through ECF
6
Q
ACH (3)
A
First NT, memory and muscle, found in brain and PNS
7
Q
Ionotropic (4)
A
4-5 subunits, spots for NT binding, contains ion channel, happens rapidly,
-has binding sites for hormones & NT
-
8
Q
Metobotrpic (4)
A
1 subunit, 2nd messenger, no ion channel, happens slower
- Chain reaction, that’s why it happens slower
- 1-7 units
9
Q
Steroid (2)
A
smaller cholesterol and targets receptors in the nucleolus
10
Q
Gasses
A
NO and CO, not stored or released in vesicles, diffues thru cells and out of cells made
11
Q
Botox
A
ANT of ACH stops its release from vesicle
black widow spider venmo does opposite
-comes from a toxin released by the bacteria “boncholonon”
12
Q
Curaure
A
ANT of ACH, binds to and block nictotanic receptor site
13
Q
tyrosine
A
14
Q
Monoamines (2)
A
-Dopamine, Epinephrine, Norepinehprine,
all use second messenger systems, MAO and COMT break down the NT in the synaptic cleft
-made in terminal buttons
-broken down by COMPT
15
Q
Phenothiazine
A
DA receptor blockers, direct ANT
16
Q
Serotonin AG (4)
A
LSD (receptor), MAO inhibiter:inhibits enzyme that breaks down serotonin, SSRI’s, MDMA (reuptake backwards)
17
Q
GABA AG (3)
A
Ethanol, diazapm, barbituates
18
Q
Huntington’s
A
involuntary movements, depression, and mental deteriotion
caused by death of GABA neurons in the basal ganglia
- Ex: flailing arms
19
Q
Glutamate
A
MSG
20
Q
Naloxone
A
Direct ANT of opiate receptors
- Blocks opiate receptors to prevent drug OD
- Pushes opiates out of the way and takes over theior receptor site
21
Q
Lipids
A
THC, CB receptor activation reduces NT release
anandamide- natural cannabis
22
Q
CB1 ANT
A
Rimonbant-Blocks CB1 receptors and AM1172- inhibits reuptake anadmine
23
Q
Nucleosides
A
Sugar based molecules, adenosine-inhibitory and is a neuromodulator caffine blocks the receptor
24
Q
Ephedrine
A
planet derived drug, sympthatic activation, mimic of adrenal, used to treat asthma
25
sympathomimetic (4)
- drugs that mimic the effect of the Sympathetic Nervous System, they are stimulants, amphetamine and cocaine, increase NE and DA and E in the PNS
- Ex: Anphetamine, methyphidiate, Tetrahydrozline (Visine)
26
PNS (3)
spinal nerves, cranial nerves, and automatic nervous system
27
Spinal Nervous
31 pairs L and R side of the spine,
28
Cranial Nervous (4)
exit from the underside of the brain, does not go thru spinal cord, carry motor commands from CNS, connect directly to the ventral surface of the brain
29
Vagus Nerve (2)
largest, carries efferent (away from CNS) fibers of the Parasym
30
ANS (3)
controls activity of muscles and glands, promotes homeostasis, is involuntary
31
Preganglionic neurons (2)
located in cranial nerve nucleus or grey matter on the spinal cord, synapses with the postgang neurons
32
Postganglionic neurons
synapse directly with target organ,
33
sympathetic ganglion
are nodules that contain synapes between pre and post neurons
34
Sympathetic division (3)
energy mobilizer, origin in thoracic, short pre and long post, releases ACH in ganglion and NE in at target
35
Para division (3)
energy conservation, long pre and short post, releases ACH at ganglion and target
36
Exocytosis (2)
.is the secretion of a substance by a cell through means of vesicles
is the process by which neurotransmitters are released
37
ion channel
different types are arranged over the cell membrane in a non-uniform pattern
38
gated
Ion channels that can change their properties
39
Lipids (3)
Anandimide, Endocannabinoid and THC all CB1 receptor AG
40
Somatic Division
one neuron, no pre or post ganglionic neurons, spinal cord to target
41
ganglia
cluster of cell bodies
42
sympathic chain
line of ganglia for S
| -chain of symoathetic ganglia, parallel to spinal cord
43
difference between S and Para (2)
S starts in middle and has sympathic chain along side the spinal cord
Para starts on top and bottom and synapses next to target organ
44
Parkin (2)
Tags abnormal protien to be destroyed
| does not work in people with parksinson
45
Adrenal Gland (3)
activated by the pituray gland
releases E and NE into PNS
Hormonal part of SA
-
46
Sympathic activation (2)
body releases there is a stress
| then releases neuronal and hormonal responses
47
Huntington's (3)
Loss of GABA cells
degeneration of Basal Ganglia
involuntary movements, depression, mental retardation
48
NE pathway
locus coeruleus
49
Tryptophan
Serotonin precursor
50
Parkinson's (2)
lewy body of alpha-synculin
degenration of NS
-Loss of dopamine
-Clusters of a-synuclein protein in the cytoplasma
51
Spinal nerves (D and ventral)
dorsal is sensory and venrtal is motor
52
adenylate cyclase
effecter enzyme
53
cAMP (cyclic AMP)
second messenger
54
Second Messenger System
hits ligand first-metabatropic receptors become activated--G proteins activated --activates the effector enzymes to turn on the 2csd messenger---turns on protein kinase
55
Ligand
Anything that effect the receptor (a molecule that has a binding site) hormone, neurotrasnmitter etc
56
True or False: Most drugs are ligands but there are precursaors to that (like tyrosine)
True
57
Glial Cells
- cells in the CNS that support other cells
- Astrocytes
- Microgrilia
- Oligadencrcytes
58
Microglia
Immune cells, perform phagacytosis,
59
Oligadenccytes
Form the myelin sheath, 1 can myelnate a few neurons.
60
Schwann Cells
- Myelinates neurons in the PNS
- Can regenerate in the PNS
- 1 per neuron,
61
Parkinsons
-Degeneration of nigrostriatal system
-lewy bodies
-Caused by mutation of genes (parkin & mitanuclean)
-
62
MPTP
- A chemical that kills dopamine cells
- Can give an animal parkinson's symptoms
- Used for testing purposes on parkinson's in animals
63
L-Dopa
Precursor to dopamine
| -Give to Parkinson's patients to add Dopamine neurons
64
Parkison's Treatments
- Brain legion of Basal ganglia
- Deep brain stimulation of Basal ganglia
- Cannabis
- Gene therapy; Uses GABA producing neurons
- Stem cell Tissue transplants (takin from substantia niagra implanted to the Basal Ganglia, not effective)
65
Phenodisinate (Drug)
- Used to treat schizophrenia
- Lowers dopamine
- Lower positive symptoms of schizophrenia/but can give you symptoms of parkinson's
66
Glutamate
- Amino acid
- Msg, major excitatory NT
- Turns thing ons
67
3 GABA Agonists
- Things that make you relaxed
- Ethanol (alcohol)
- diazapan (Xans)
- Barbituates (Horse tranquilzers)
68
Necluocide
- It's own Non classical group
- Made out of sugar
- Adenozine (Inhibitatory NT that caffeine inhibits)
- Sugar based molecules
69
LIPIDS
- Fats
- Drug---THC: activates CB1 receptors
- Endogenous opiate----Anadimide: activates CB1 receptors
- Steroids: a type of lipid
70
Steroids
- Target inside the nuclus
- A type of lipid, Fat soluble,
- can go into the membrane & activate something in the nucleus
- Made from cholestoral
- Anti inflammatory (for pneumonia etc)
71
PNS
-3 parts (autonomic, spinal nerves, cranial nerves)
| -
72
2 Amino Acid Neurotransmitters
- Glutamate (excitatory)
| - GABA(Inhibitatory)
73
4 Drugs that increase serotonin (Serotonin Agonist)
LSD (receptor), MAO enzyme that clears synaptic cleft: inhibits enzyme that breaks down serotonin, SSRI's, MDMA (reuptake backwards)
74
P
-Doesn't penetrate blood brain barrier
| -
75
Antagonisty of CB1 receptor
Rimbonant blocks
76
Agonist of of CB1 receptor
THC, AM1172, Andamide
77
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic + Autonomic Nervous System
78
ANS
Parasympathic + Sympathetic
79
Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic
-Sympathetic: fight or flight, short pre, long post
| -
80
5 stages of HD
1. Preclinical- mild sp, mood problems
2. Early stage- thinking becomes difficult, more depressed and anxious, slight tremors
3. Middle stage- diffculting walking and maintaining balance, slurring speech, need help
4. Late stage- hard sleeping, can't eat, need breathing tube, can't speak
5. End of life- bed ridden
81
Enkephalin
Natural opiate produced in body
- Similar structure to Morphine
- Made in the body
82
Substrantia Nigra
- Dead dopamine cells that died off from parkinsons show Black
- Made of neurons etc
- Dopamanargistic system
83
alpha protein
- Abnormal protein
| - Cause issues in the body
84
Lewy Body
-Made from abnormal a-synuclei
-Abnormal cluster of proteins that causes death of cells
-Located in the niagra striatum for parkinson's
-
85
Brady kinesia
Present in all patient with parkinson's
- Slow Rx time
- Decreased spontaneous movement
- Masked face (reduction in facial expressiveness)
- Rigidity (stiff muscle tone)/ Posture instability
86
Gait Disorder
- Co-occuring condition
- Lack of arm swing
- Dragging of one leg
- Small shuffling steps
87
Dysarthia
- Co-occurring condition
| - Speech disorder, no pro
88
Parkinson's Symptoms
- Dysphasia (difficulty swallowing)
- Drooling/ Swallowing difficulty
- Postural instability
- Muscular rigidity
- Resting tremors
89
Peripheral Nervous System
-Made of
and Parasympathetic
-Connects to
90
Sympathetic
- Activates under stress, spend energy
| - Fight or Flight
91
Parasympathetic
- Activates under relaxed state, Save energy
| - Rest & Digest
92
Automatic Nervous System
- Combined of spinal & cranial nerves
- Promotes homeostatesis
- Controls muscles
- Regulates heartrate, breathing, blood pressure, energy exertion (glucose)
- Made of 2 branches (sympathethic/parasymoathetic)
93
Spinal nerves
- 31 pairs that exit on L and R
| - Covered by dura matter, Arachnoid, subarachnoid
94
Spinal nerves
- 31 pairs that exit on L and R
- Covered by dura matter, Arachnoid, subarachnoid
- Can be either somatic,parasympathetic, sympathetic
95
Dorsal stream/root ganglion
-Sensory nerves
96
Ventral stream/ Root Ganglion
-Motor nerves
97
Vagus nerve
-part of the para
-largest cranial nerve
-controls stomach, heart and other internal organs
-
98
Somatic nervous system
part of ANS
| controls voluntary movements of muscles and sensor info(touch)
99
Somatic nervous system
part of ANS
controls voluntary movements of muscles and sensor info(touch)
only has one neuron (no pre or post ganglia)
100
Spindle
-Stretch receptor in the
101
Pre-ganglionic neurons
- Attached to Sspinal cord
- Releases AcH
- In the parasympathetic, its short then long
- neruons of the ANS, lo
- located in a cranial nerve nucleus or spinal gray matter
102
Sympathetic Ganglia
-the synapses between pre and postganglionic neuorns of the sympathetic nervous system
103
Sympathetic Pre/Post ganlglia
- Preganglionic releases AcH, short (Located on the spine )
| - Postganglionic, releases NE,E,Adrenaline , long (located directed on the target organ)
104
Sympathetic Pre/Post ganlglia
- Preganglionic releases AcH, short (Located on the spine ), sympathetic branch
- Postganglionic, releases NE,E,Adrenaline , long (located directed on the target organ), Parasympathetic branch
105
Sympathetic Chain
- The chain of ganglia on the spinal cord "the bumps" on the spinal cord
- First neuron releases AcH
- Second neuron releases Adrenaline
106
Sympathetic Neurons are short because
-They process a lot of information at once
107
Parasympathetic Neurons are long because
-
108
Hormonal Activation
- Part of parasympathetic activation
- Stress---hypothalamus---pititiutary gland---Adrenal gland stimulation (Releases Adrenaline)
- Hormone signals lasts longer
109
What 2 drugs increase monoamines in the brain?
- Cocaine & Anphetamine (Adderall)
| - They're active in the CNS b/c they cross the BBB (Blood Brain Barrier)
110
What drugs don't get into the brain easy?
-NE/ Adrenaline
111
Pseudopherdrine
Ephindrine: plant derived drug
| -used to trat asthma
112
Ephedrine
- Mimics epinephrine
- Derived from Ma Huang plant
- used to treatt asthma
- Nasal descongestive/bronchia dialtor
- Works the same way as adrenaline, o
- Constricts nose, Smaller blood vessels, more room to breath
- Sympathetic activation
113
Sympathetic Activation
-Constricts blood vessels/ Opens up airways
| Symptoms:
114
Parasympathetic Activation
- Closes airways
- AcH in pre and post
- Function: Rest & Digest, Blood vessels dialted, dialted arteries
115
Ephedra
-Found in energy drinks OTC
116
Deprenyl
MAO inhibter to treat parkinsons
