Memory

Question 1

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 1

Difficulty retrieving memories formed before the onset of amnesia

Question 2

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 2

The inability to form new memories beginning with the onset of a disorder

Question 3

Declarative Memory

Answer 3

Facts and information acquired by learning

Question 4

Procedural Memory

Answer 4

Memory about perceptual or motor procedures

Question 5

Confabulate

Answer 5

Fill a gap in memory with a falsification that they seem to accept as true

Question 6

Episodic Memory

Answer 6

Memory of a particular incident or a particular time and place

Question 7

Semantic Memory

Answer 7

Generalized memory- knowing the meaning of a word without knowing where or when you learned that word.

Question 8

Priming

Answer 8

Exposure to a stimuli facilitates subsequent responses to the same or a similar stimulus

Question 9

Conditioning

Answer 9

A form of learning in which an organism comes to associate two stimuli or a stimulus and a response

Question 10

Iconic Memories

Answer 10

A brief type of memory that stores the sensory impression of a scene

Question 11

Working Memory

Answer 11

Holds memories available for ready access during performance of a task

Question 12

Primacy Effect

Answer 12

The superior performance seen in a memory task for items at the start of a list; usually attributed to long-term memory

Question 13

Recency Effect

Answer 13

Superior performance seen in a memory task for items at the end of a list; attributed to short term memory

Question 14

Stages of Memory Formation

Answer 14

Encoding: Information is passed into short-term memory
Consolidation: Information in STM or ITM is transferred to LTM
Retrieval: A stored memory is used by an organism

Question 15

Engram

Answer 15

The physical basis of a memory in the brain

Question 16

Hippocampus is important for…

Answer 16

Memory consolidation

Question 17

Permanent storage of information tends to be in…

Answer 17

The regions of the cortex where the information was first processed and held in short-term memory

Question 18

Latent Learning

Answer 18

Learning that has taken place but has not (yet) been demonstrated by performance

Question 19

Neuroplasticity

Answer 19

The ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or environment

Question 20

Non-associative Learning

Answer 20

Presentation of a particular stimulus alters the strength or probability of a response according to the strength and temporal spacing of that stimulus; includes habituation and sensitization

Question 21

Habituation

Answer 21

An organism becomes less responsive following repeated presentations of a stimulus

Question 22

Dishabituation

Answer 22

The restoration of response amplitude following habituation

Question 23

Sensitization

Answer 23

The response is greater than the baseline level because of prior stimulation

Question 24

Hebb

Answer 24

Proposed that when a presynaptic neuron repeatedly activates a postsynaptic neuron, the synaptic connection between them will become stronger and more stable

Question 25

Long-Term Potentiation

Answer 25

A stable and enduring increase in effectiveness of synapses following repeated strong stimulation

Question 26

NMDA Receptor

Answer 26

A glutamate receptor that also binds the glutamate agonist and that is both ligand gated and voltage-sensitive Fully active only when gated by a combination of voltage and ligand

Question 27

AMPA Receptor

Answer 27

A glutamate receptor that also binds the glutamate against AMPA Activated in CA1 during low-level activity

Question 28

Protein Kinases

Answer 28

An enzyme that adds phosphate groups to protein molecules

Question 29

CREB

Answer 29

A transcription factor (a protein that binds to the promoter region of genes and causes those genes to change their rate of expression that is activated by protein kinases

Question 30

Retrograde Messenger

Answer 30

Transmitter that is released by the postsynaptic region, travels across the synapse and alters the functioning of the presynaptic neuron

Question 31

Instrumental Conditioning

Answer 31

A form of associative learning in which an association is formed between the animal's behavior and the consequences of that behavior

Question 32

Classical Conditioning

Answer 32

An initially neutral stimulus comes to predict an event

Question 33

Conditional Knockout

Answer 33

A gene that can be selectively deactivated

Question 34

Nootropics

Answer 34

A class of drugs that enhance cognitive function

Question 35

Overt Attention

Answer 35

Attention in which the focus coincides with sensory orientation

Question 36

Covert Attention

Answer 36

Focus can be directed independently of sensory orientation

Question 37

Dichotic Presentation

Answer 37

Simultaneous delivery of different stimuli to the right and left ears

Question 38

Shadowing

Answer 38

The subject is asked to focus attention on one ear or the other while stimuli are being presented separately to both ears

Question 39

Attentional Bottleneck

Answer 39

A filter that results from the limits to our attentional processes

Question 40

Late Selection Model

Answer 40

The processing bottleneck is situated later in the processing pathway, filtering out stimuli only after substantial analysis has occured

Question 41

Perceptual Load

Answer 41

The immediate processing challenge presented by a stimulus

Question 42

Endogenous Attention

Answer 42

The voluntary direction of attention in accordance to our interests and goals

Question 43

Symbolic Cuing Task

Answer 43

An endogenous attention task in which each trial is preceded by a symbol that cues the location where the stimulus will appear

Question 44

Exogenous Attention

Answer 44

The involuntary reorienting of attention toward the location of an unexpected object or event

Question 45

Feature Search

Answer 45

A search for an item in which the target pops out right away, because it possesses a unique attribute

Question 46

Conjunction Search

Answer 46

A search for an item that is based on two or more features that together distinguish the target from distractors that may share some of the same attributes