Memory Flashcards
Retrograde Amnesia
Difficulty retrieving memories formed before the onset of amnesia
Anterograde Amnesia
The inability to form new memories beginning with the onset of a disorder
Declarative Memory
Facts and information acquired by learning
Procedural Memory
Memory about perceptual or motor procedures
Confabulate
Fill a gap in memory with a falsification that they seem to accept as true
Episodic Memory
Memory of a particular incident or a particular time and place
Semantic Memory
Generalized memory- knowing the meaning of a word without knowing where or when you learned that word.
Priming
Exposure to a stimuli facilitates subsequent responses to the same or a similar stimulus
Conditioning
A form of learning in which an organism comes to associate two stimuli or a stimulus and a response
Iconic Memories
A brief type of memory that stores the sensory impression of a scene
Working Memory
Holds memories available for ready access during performance of a task
Primacy Effect
The superior performance seen in a memory task for items at the start of a list; usually attributed to long-term memory
Recency Effect
Superior performance seen in a memory task for items at the end of a list; attributed to short term memory
Stages of Memory Formation
Encoding: Information is passed into short-term memory
Consolidation: Information in STM or ITM is transferred to LTM
Retrieval: A stored memory is used by an organism
Engram
The physical basis of a memory in the brain
Hippocampus is important for…
Memory consolidation
Permanent storage of information tends to be in…
The regions of the cortex where the information was first processed and held in short-term memory
Latent Learning
Learning that has taken place but has not (yet) been demonstrated by performance
Neuroplasticity
The ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or environment
Non-associative Learning
Presentation of a particular stimulus alters the strength or probability of a response according to the strength and temporal spacing of that stimulus; includes habituation and sensitization
Habituation
An organism becomes less responsive following repeated presentations of a stimulus
Dishabituation
The restoration of response amplitude following habituation
Sensitization
The response is greater than the baseline level because of prior stimulation
Hebb
Proposed that when a presynaptic neuron repeatedly activates a postsynaptic neuron, the synaptic connection between them will become stronger and more stable
Long-Term Potentiation
A stable and enduring increase in effectiveness of synapses following repeated strong stimulation
NMDA Receptor
A glutamate receptor that also binds the glutamate agonist and that is both ligand gated and voltage-sensitive
Fully active only when gated by a combination of voltage and ligand
AMPA Receptor
A glutamate receptor that also binds the glutamate against AMPA
Activated in CA1 during low-level activity
Protein Kinases
An enzyme that adds phosphate groups to protein molecules
CREB
A transcription factor (a protein that binds to the promoter region of genes and causes those genes to change their rate of expression that is activated by protein kinases
Retrograde Messenger
Transmitter that is released by the postsynaptic region, travels across the synapse and alters the functioning of the presynaptic neuron
Instrumental Conditioning
A form of associative learning in which an association is formed between the animal’s behavior and the consequences of that behavior
Classical Conditioning
An initially neutral stimulus comes to predict an event
Conditional Knockout
A gene that can be selectively deactivated
Nootropics
A class of drugs that enhance cognitive function
Overt Attention
Attention in which the focus coincides with sensory orientation
Covert Attention
Focus can be directed independently of sensory orientation
Dichotic Presentation
Simultaneous delivery of different stimuli to the right and left ears
Shadowing
The subject is asked to focus attention on one ear or the other while stimuli are being presented separately to both ears
Attentional Bottleneck
A filter that results from the limits to our attentional processes
Late Selection Model
The processing bottleneck is situated later in the processing pathway, filtering out stimuli only after substantial analysis has occured
Perceptual Load
The immediate processing challenge presented by a stimulus
Endogenous Attention
The voluntary direction of attention in accordance to our interests and goals
Symbolic Cuing Task
An endogenous attention task in which each trial is preceded by a symbol that cues the location where the stimulus will appear
Exogenous Attention
The involuntary reorienting of attention toward the location of an unexpected object or event
Feature Search
A search for an item in which the target pops out right away, because it possesses a unique attribute
Conjunction Search
A search for an item that is based on two or more features that together distinguish the target from distractors that may share some of the same attributes
