Memory

Question 1

What is the method of loci?

Answer 1

Imagine a typical path you travel and place the to-be-remembered items along the path

Question 2

What are the different types of long term memory?

Answer 2

Long term
Declarative (explicit) - Subject is aware that he/she is retrieving info from past (conscious)
Episodic memory (events)
semantic memory (facts, knowledge: no clear date/time)
NonDeclarative (implicit)
skill learning
priming
conditioning - learning about associations among stimuli
procedural memory - knowing how to do something

Question 3

Describe the modal model of memory

Answer 3

Sensory memory -> attention -> working memory -> processing -> long term memory

Question 4

Which statement about working memory is TRUE?

Answer 4

INFORMATION IN IT IS FRAGILE AND EASILY LOST

Question 5

Which of the following would help improve recall of a difficult-to-understand paragraph the LEAST?

Answer 5

REPEATING THE PARAGRAPH ALOUD MANY TIMES

Question 6

The advantage of successful “replication” includes:

Answer 6

PROVIDING STATISTICAL ASSURANCE FOR THE ORIGINAL RESULTS, AND RULING OUT UNNOTICED FACTORS SUCH AS EXPERIMENTER BIAS

Question 7

Which of the following is the primary advantage of connecting new information to prior knowledge in several different ways?

Answer 7

IT ALLOWS THE INFORMATION TO BE ACCESSED FROM MULTIPLE RETRIEVAL PATHS

Question 8

Which of the following is true regarding recall performance?

Answer 8

WHETHER A CLUE ABOUT A WORD’S SOUND IS MORE HELPFUL FOR RECALL THAN A CLUE ABOUT ITS MEANING DEPENDS ON HOW THE WORD WAS THOUGHT OF WHEN IT WAS LEARNED

Question 9

The dangers of source confusion are not particularly relevant to which real-world situation?

Answer 9

JURY SELECTION

Question 10

An experimenter reads a list of 30 words to participants at the rate of one word per second. This is immediately followed by a free-recall test. A second group hears the same words presented at the faster rate of two words per second. We should expect that the group hearing the slower presentation will show improved memory performance for the:

Answer 10

PRE-RECENCY PORTION OF THE LIST, BUT NO IMPROVEMENT FOR THE PRIMARY AND RECENT

Question 11

Is Loss of memory due to decay of previously learned material, or loss of information from memory due to interference from new learned materials?

Answer 11

Decay is the method of forgetting

Question 12

Read

Answer 12

Primacy is affected by speed
Recency effect is not affected by speed

Working Memory is affected by language (native Chinese speakers have greater arithmetic and number recall because they have fewer syllables to speak than native Arabic speakers)

working memory (visual infor) is stored as object-based

Question 13

In which of the following situations are you LEAST likely to decide a stimulus is familiar?

Answer 13

PROCESSING FLUENCY IS QUITE LOW

Question 14

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the role the hippocampus plays in memory?

Answer 14

THE HIPPOCAMPUS PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MEMORY CONSOLIDATION (HIPPOCAMPUS DAMAGE IS ASSOCIATED WITH INTEROGRADE AMNESIA)

Question 15

Shallow encoding to deep encoding

Answer 15

Orthographic: is the word in capital letters (COLD vs. cold) (least remembered)
Phonological: does the word rhyme with “free”? (moderately remembered)
Semantic: what does it mean? (most remembered)

Question 16

read

Answer 16

spaced learning is best
the longer the repetitions are spaced out, the better
repetition helps
Context helps and hurts
– Identical context good for that limited study/test
– Varied contexts good for robust, flexible learning

Question 17

What is the subsequent memory paradigm?

Answer 17

Compare brain activity for items that were subsequently remembered and items that were subsequently forgotten
Difference is called subsequent memory effect
Two areas of brain detected by fMRI, used for encoding and retrieval in this experiment: left prefrontal cortex and left medial temporal lobe

Question 18

N back is a typical test for which type of memory?

Answer 18

working memory

Question 19

Read

Answer 19

the recency effect is stronger than the primacy effect

distinctiveness effect is the middle of the u-shape when you remember something that was distinct

Question 20

Primacy vs recency effect

Answer 20

Primacy - Extended rehearsal moves info to long-term memory
Recency – Recent rehearsal keeps info in working memory at test
Immediate interference tests recency

Question 21

Describe Baddeley’s model

Answer 21

Working memory is affected by Language, reading speed, and word length.

Central executive ->
visuospatial sketchpad (visual ST memory)
visual info stored as objects
limit 3-4 objects
If you remember one feature of an object, you get all
the other features for free
there is a linear relationship between object complexity and objects remembered
phonological loop (auditory ST memory)

Question 22

How does encoding influence retrieval?

Answer 22

Encoding Organization
Depth of processing
encoding specificity

Question 23

What are the typical tests for explicit vs implicit memory?

Answer 23

Explicit:
Typical tests: Recognition, Recall

Implicit:
Typical tests: Word completion, Word Identification

Exposure increases activation, even if no explicit memory
Previous exposure to rare words increases likelihood they are reported EVEN if subjects don’t recall seeing the word before!

Question 24

What are types of amnesia?

Answer 24

Anterograde Amnesia (H.M)
– Inability to form new explicit memories
– Ability to form new implicit memories
– Damage to Medial Temporal Lobes (hippocampus)
Anterograde amnesia often involves retrograde amnesia

Retrograde Amnesia
– Inability to recall old memories, especially
episodic memories
– Damage to brain regions outside of the Hippocampus

Question 25

Describe Clive wearing

Answer 25

``` Cause of amnesia ->herpes encephalitis - damage to hippocampus Preserved cognitive abilities - intelligence - skillsplaying piano and conducting ``` Anterograde amnesia has no episodic memories feels he is awake for the first time over and over. Memory lasts 2 minutes. Clive, who, for all his musical powers, needs “close direction” from others. He needs someone to put the music before him, to get him into action, and to make sure that he learns and practices new pieces.

Question 26

Is All Memory Impaired in Anterograde Amnesia?

Answer 26

Patients with Anterograde Amnesia can form new nondeclarative memories (e.g. Tower of Hanoi, Mirror Drawing) without explicitly remembering the task.

Question 27

Costs and Benefits of Schemas

Answer 27

The Good • Provides framework within which to remember an event • ‘chunking’ since don’t have to remember all details The Bad • Can lead to misremembering a specific event via generalizations or confusion

Question 28

Flashbulb memory

Answer 28

“flashbulb” memories are not special, but they are emotional and usually rehearsed more than ordinary memories • Show same forgetting as any other memory

Question 29

What are the 4 theories of categorization?

Answer 29

Categories Category membership determined by necessary and sufficient conditions (All-or-none category membership) Prototypes Concepts defined by ‘ideal’ or ‘average’ member Exemplars Concepts defined by previously seen examples Better than Prototype for context effects and ad-hoc categories Theory-driven Concepts defined by constructing theories Use background knowledge and causal relationships to determine category membership

Question 30

levels of categories

Answer 30

``` Superordinate Fruit Basic Apple Basic level can be ‘imagined’ First words that come to mind Subordinate Gala, Fuji, Honeycrisp ```

Question 31

What is VSD system?

Answer 31

modality-specific input system that stores representations corresponding to the form or shape of objects, and which is used to access conceptual information

Question 32

How do you test for category impairments?

Answer 32

``` • Picture naming • Sound identification • Object decision • Parts decision - Central-attribute judgments - Visual processing (e.g., visual matching & face recognition to measure general processing of visually complex stimuli) ```

Question 33

Intrusion errors are typically caused by?

Answer 33

BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE BROUGHT TO A SITUATION

Question 34

Connections among our various memories do all of the following except

Answer 34

HELP US TO RESIST SOURCE CONFUSION

Question 35

What is Deese-Roediger-McDermott Paradigm (DRM)?

Answer 35

Very simple task that leads to large numbers of memory errors (activating a single word that is not actually on the list of words; i.e. “sweet” in a list of “cookies,” “chocolate,” “creamy,” “sugar,” etc.)

Question 36

According to interference theory, most forgetting is attributable to the fact that

Answer 36

NEW LEARNING DISRUPTS OR OVERWRITES OLD LEARNING

Question 37

Which of the following is true about autobiographical memories?

Answer 37

RECONSTRUCTION OF PAST EVENTS WILL OFTEN BE CONSISTENT WITH CURRENT VIEWS OF SELF

Question 38

The external validity of an experiment is BEST expressed by the following:

Answer 38

RESULTS ARE GENERALIZABLE TO DIFFERENT GROUPS OF PEOPLE AND SITUATIONS

Question 39

Flashbulb memories are extremely detailed, vivid memories usually associated with highly emotional events. The accuracy of these memories seems

Answer 39

BEST PREDICTED BY THE CONSEQUENTIALITY OF THE EVENT TO THE PARTICPANTS’ LIVES

Question 40

In one procedure, participants were asked to judge which was a better even number, “4” or “18”-

Answer 40

MADE THE JUDGMENT IN A FASHION THAT IMPLIED A GRADED MEMBERSHIP FOR THE CATEGORY

Question 41

Categorization models based on family resemblance rely on:

Answer 41

FEATURE OVERLAP AMONG THE MEMBERS OF A CATEGORY

Question 42

Which of the following statements about converging evidence is true?

Answer 42

IT IS IMPORTANT TO FIND CONVERGENCE FROM A VARIETY OF TASKS AS WELL AS THE LIMIT ON THE CONVERGENCE

Question 43

What are 4 differences between working memory and LT memory?

Answer 43

working memory is limited in size, LT memory is vast getting info into WM is easy, just think about it getting info out of WM is easy the contents of WM is fragile

Question 44

Where are working memory and LT memory located

Answer 44

LT in the hippocampus | WM in the perirhinal cortex

Question 45

working memory holds how many chunks?

Answer 45

7 plus or minus 2

Question 46

random, read

Answer 46

WM is best thought of as a status, not a place Operation span is a measure of WM capacity The intentional to learn adds little to memory performance. What matters is how people approach the material they are seeing or hearing. learning can be good for one sort of retrieval and bad for other sorts of retrieval context reinstatement - improved memory performance if we recreate the context that was in place during learning deep but unmatched context is inferior to not so deep but matched Encoding specificity - what you remember = the stimulus + its context and meaning Different retrieval paths can = different meanings of what is remembered

Question 47

maintenance vs elaborative rehearsal

Answer 47

maintenance is rehearsing items with little though about meaning or how they relate to each other elaborative rehearsal is opposite

Question 48

intentional learning vs incidental learning

Answer 48

intentional learning is learning with an intention to learn (know you will be tested later) incidental is learning without the intention to learn

Question 49

Processing fluency

Answer 49

use of a pathway increases the processing fluency of the pathway - that is, the speed and ease with which the pathway will carry activation can explain implicit memory priming

Question 50

What is the feeling of familiarity?

Answer 50

when increased processing fluency, the stimulus will feel special and distinctive if you've seen something recently but it does not feel familiar: you detect the fluency but attribute it to a different source and therefor cant experience the sense of familiarity if you havent seen it recently but it still feels familiar: when the processing of a stimulus is more fluent than you expected, for example if the stimulus was presented a few ms longer than other stimuli. The processing of the stimulus is unexpectedly fluent and you seek an attribution for this fluency, and you are fooled into thinking its familiar

Question 51

Read

Answer 51

Retrieval paths have a starting and ending point. to use the path u must return to the starting point. network. A node becomes activated when it receives enough of an input signal to raise its activation level to its response threshold Activating one node primes nearby nodes though spreading activation Source memory is essential for reacall; recognition can be achieved either through source memory or through familiarity

Question 52

What factors shape memory>

Answer 52

involvement with an event, emotion, passage of time

Question 53

False memories

Answer 53

Intrusion errors - errors in which outside knowledge intrudes into the remembered event (ex. DRM) False memories are more easily planted if the subject dont just hear about the false event, but also imagine it False memories = misinformation effect False memories can be just as emotional as real ones A feeling of remembering is more likely with correct memories than false ones. However, remembering is not a reliable means to distinguish real from false memories Real memories are recalled more rapidly (response speed) than false memories No reliable method to distinguish real from false memories

Question 54

Forgetting

Answer 54

Hypnosis and drugs do not improve memory recall

Question 55

Autobiographical memory

Answer 55

Self-reference effect - memory advantage for materials pertaining to the self Emotion aids memory consolidation Flashbulb memories are not necessarily correct

Question 56

Knowledge

Answer 56

graded membership - objects closer to a prototype are better members of the category than objects farther away converging operations

Question 57

Read, memory

Answer 57

Mnemonic strategies can help and hurt memory. Explicit memory can overshadow implicit memory