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Psych 203 Cognitive Psych > Object Recognition and Attention > Flashcards

Object Recognition and Attention Flashcards

1
Q

In what region of the brain is the What vs Where pathways?

A

What pathway - ventral stream in inferior temporal cortex

Where pathway - dorsal stream in posterior parietal cortex

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2
Q

What experiment is associated with the what vs where pathways?

A

Tested people with lesions in the dorsal or ventral pathway.
What deficit: Visual form agnosia
Could: draw pictures from memory
Could not: recognize or copy pictures, recognize own drawings
Could: Place card in slot
Could not: Report orientation of slot
Could: Make hand gestures
Could not: Describe function of objects (think of video of guy who couldn’t remember a lock)

Where deficit: Optic ataxia - didnt know where objects were in space but they could recognize what they were

Task 1: WHAT
Object Discrimination - Is this cylinder and rectangular prism identical?

Task 2: WHERE
Landmark Discrimination - Reach out and grab this item

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3
Q

Is activity linked to awareness of conscious experience or to raw stimuli (regardless of awareness)? Think of experiment where they show people a house and a face at the same time. Which do they perceive?

A

Activity Tracks Awareness

They go back and forth between seeing a house and seeing a face. FFA lights up only when you see the house (only when you think you are seeing a face vs actually seeing a face)

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4
Q

The visual system uses what to simplify & aid visual processing?

A

rules, heuristics, and tricks

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5
Q

What assumption was false regarding the Ames room?

A

That the corners meet at 90 degrees

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6
Q

What is Gestalt Psychology? What are the Gestalt principles?

A

The sum equals more than the parts
‘emergent features’

Proximity, Similarity, Connectedness, Common fate, Good continuation, closure

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7
Q

What are ways to resolve ambiguity?

A

Figure/ Ground
Using Context
Non-Accidental properties

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8
Q

geons are viewpoint independent (non-accidental properties). What are examples of non-accidental properties?

A

Co-linearity, Curvilinearity, Cotermination, Convergence, Parallelism, Equal Spacing

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9
Q

Which of the following is supportive of the claim that perception is in the eye of the beholder and not in the stimulus itself?

A. When presented with ambiguous letters, the visual system uses context to determine their identity
B. a traffic light can be identified even if partially occluded by a tree branch

A

all of the above

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10
Q

Which of the following is evidence for a feature theory of perception?

A

The visual system is specialized with cells that detect single features

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11
Q

When betty is shown strings of letters tachistoscopically, they are overregularized to follow the rules of common English spelling. This is because

A

of a lifetime of strengthening the bigram detectors for common English letter pairs

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12
Q

McClelland and Rumelhar’s model of a feature net makes use of all of the following statements EXCEPT:

A

the elimination of feature detectors, relying instead on geon detectors

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13
Q

We can often recognize an object even if some of the object’s parts are hidden from view. Evidence indicates that this recognition from partial viewing will be easiest if:

A

we can see enough of the object to identify some of its geons

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14
Q

In the visual search paradigm, which of the following takes the LONGEST? finding a RED CIRCLE in a field of

A

10 green circles and 10 red squares

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15
Q

visual agnosia is

A

deficit in object recognition with a preserved ability to use visual information to guide action

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16
Q

Which of the following statements applies to stimulus-based priming but NOT to expectation-based priming?

A

It is bottom-up

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17
Q

You are at a cocktail party conversing with a friend. In this situation, you are MOST likely to hear

A

that you name is being called out by the person next to you

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18
Q

In the absence of attention:

A

stimuli may not be consciously perceived but can still have an influence on the perceiver

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19
Q

in a feature net model, knowledge of spelling patterns

A

is distributed across the model, and therefore the knowledge is only detectable in the overall functioning of the network

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20
Q

Moore and egeth showed participants a display containing 2 horizontal lines and a series of surrounding dots. In this experiment most participants were

A

not consciously aware of the patterns and perceived the 2 lines to be of different lengths

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21
Q

A participant is shown a series of stimuli and is asked to name the color of the ink in which the stimuli are printed. The 8th stimulus happens to be printed in green ink. We should expect a relatively slow response if the stimulus happens to be

A

the word RED printed in green

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22
Q

What are 4 theories of object recognition?

A 
- Pattern & Template Matching 
    Compare input to stored ‘template’ - picture in head
– Feature Maps
– Recognition by components 
– Top-down influences
23
Q

What are problems associated with Template Matching theory?

A
  • Variability of exemplars, what is a match? Ex: What’s the template for ‘chair’?
  • New objects
  • Changing viewpoints
  • Degraded views
  • Too many cells needed?
24
Q

Why are legal non-words (HIRT) easier to read than non- legal ones (ITPR)?

A

The former have familiar letter combinations that you’ve seen before. Bigram detectors for familiar letter groupings are primed – higher activation levels due to high frequency.

25
Q

What is the word-superiority effect?

A

recognition of a letter is better in a word than a non-word (because of bigrams firing), and a legal non-word than an illegal one

26
Q

What is the regularization effect?

A

network favors frequent letter combinations over infrequent ones. this bias helps perception if the input is a frequent word, but the network will create error if input has unusual spelling pattern.

27
Q

Feature nets have “distributed knowledge”

A

knowledge about words is distributed across the network, not stored in a particular location or build into a specific process

28
Q

What are problems associated with Feature Nets theory?

A
  • How exact does the match need to be?
  • Changes in orientation?
  • Where’s the homunculus?
29
Q

What is the Recognition by Components theory?

A

– detect elementary features, edges
– find non-accidental properties
– determine component geons and their spatial relationships
– match to memory

30
Q

What are geons?

A

Basic building blocks of all object recognition

31
Q

What makes up structural description? (using RBC theory)

A

Geons + Spatial relationships between the geons

32
Q

What are the problems for geons?

A

Fine with general categories, but not individuals

Top-down knowledge and ambiguity

33
Q

Top-down knowledge in the Interactive Activation Model (model that uses both top-down and bottom up methods) helps with what?

A

Resolving ambiguity

34
Q

What is Inattentional Blindness? What are examples?

A

‘Filter’ out information not being attended

  • When people did not see the black gorilla when focusing on the white clothed people passing a basketball
  • Muller-Lyer Illusion (2 lines, > or < at the ends)
35
Q

What is Change Blindness?

A

The inability to notice large, salient visual changes when they occur during a disruption
Think door study

36
Q

How are changes detected?

A
  1. Encode changing item
  2. Maintain the changing item in memory
  3. Compare changing item to new information

Change detection is NOT purely a memory process – it depends on what you ‘attend’ to

If only encode type, will fail to recognize a token change

37
Q

Which statement about visual attention is LEAST accurate?

a) stimuli that are expected are very likely to catch our attention
b) the only way to point attention to a place is to point our eyes in that direction
c) by priming our detectors, we make expected stimuli more likely to be noticed and remembered
d) Attention can be directed toward specific areas of space but not toward specific objects

A

the only way to point attention to a place is to point our eyes in that direction

38
Q

In a study of spatial attention, participants were given a neutral, correct, or misleading cue about where on the screen a stimulus would appear. What is an explanation for what happened on trials with misleading cues?

a) There were costs because spatial attention is a limited-capacity system
b) there were costs because the spotlight of attention had moved to the misled location and had to move back
c) both a and b

A

both a and b

39
Q

Students who choose to study abroad during college achieve greater foreign language proficiency that those who study solely in a classroom. Based on this finding which of the following conclusions is most appropriate?

a) Being surrounded by a language helps perfect language pronunciation and increase language comprehension
b) Study abroad motivates students to study foreign languages more diligently
c) Study abroad may or may not influence language proficiency
d) Students who study abroad learn more vocabulary than those who study in the classroom

A

Study abroad may or may not influence language proficiency

40
Q

What does the Stroop effect show?

A

where we can’t filter out the color meaning when we read a list of words in different colors

Ex. reading the word RED printed in green color
Can’t ‘filter’ out color or meaning

Meaning of unattended message is processed.

41
Q

Early vs Late selection asks what? Which do you do and when?

A

WHEN does attention filter out information, before or after semantic processing?

There is evidence for BOTH

Determining factor may be “Attentional Load” - how demanding is the task
LOW-LOAD
Easy tasks requiring few resources LATE SELECTION

HIGH-LOAD
Hard tasks requiring lots of resources EARLY SELECTION

42
Q

In the dichotic listening task, what does and doesn’t break through from the unattended stream/

A 
Did notice if the unattended message:
Became a pure tone
Switched gender
Was repeated 35 times (Moray, 1959)
Sensory information!

Did NOT notice if the unattended message:
Switched languages
Was played backwards
No Semantic information

This experiment is evidence for early selection

43
Q

What is evidence against early selection?

A

In the dichotic listening task, words such as your name or ‘fire’ break through

stroop effect

44
Q

Are you more distractible doing easy or hard tasks?

A

Sometimes, under low-load you can be more distracted since information can ‘break through’

Easy task: Bad Performance “Easily distracted”
Hard task: Good Performance “Difficult to distract”

45
Q

What is the feature integration theory?

A

PREATTENTIVE
We Preattentively Register Features.
Basic Features processed in parallel with ‘feature maps’

ATTENTION
Features bound into units with serial attention

Attention binds features into objects

Feature search (single searches, find vertical line in set of horizontal) has a constant response time when adding numbers in display (more lines to search through)

Attentive search (Conjunction Searches, find red vertical line in set of red and blue horizontals) has a positive linear response time when adding numbers in display

Parallel Search is easy among any set size; Serial search is harder as the set size increases

46
Q

What are illusory conjunctions?

A

When under HIGH Load, features can be miscombined, leading to mistakes. No illusory conjunctions during light load. (seeing red P when really there is a red Q and a blue P)

47
Q

There is evidence for both space and object based attention. For space based attention, what are some properties?

A

Fastest at cued (valid) location
Slowest at uncued (invalid) location
Occurs without eye movements!

48
Q

What is visual neglect?

A 
Damage to Parietal lobe (usually right side)
Ignores left side of visual world
-won’t shave left side of face 
-won’t eat from left side of plate 
-orients body to right

Can Neglect patients read?
• Patients often miss words on neglected (left) side
• Can reveal evidence of object-based processing
DRIVEWAY -> “WAY”

49
Q

What are 2 Neuropsychological Disorders of Attention?

A

– Visual Neglect

– Balint’s Syndrome

50
Q

What is Balint’s Syndrome?

A

Completely object-based deficit
– Bilateral Parietal Damage
– Can only see 1 object at a time!
– Also called “simultanagnosia”

inability to disengage attention. If person with glass can either see glasses or face but not both at the same time

51
Q

Your perception of color

A

Is a construct, not a physical response

52
Q

color vision starts where?

A

In the retina

53
Q

What is the difference between inattentional vs change blindness?

A

Inattentional blindness is when you aren’t expecting a change and it happens.

Change blindness is when you are expecting a change, like staring directly at where the change should occur, and you still miss it (chimney example)

Psych 203 Cognitive Psych (3 decks)

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