Memory

Question 1

What is implicit memory?

Answer 1

Knowledge based on previous experience, such as skills performed automatically once mastered; resides outside conscious awareness.

Question 2

What is sensory memory?

Answer 2

Holds info in original sensory form for very brief time, usually half a second or less.

Question 3

What is short-term memory?

Answer 3

Temporarily (2-30 seconds) stores limited amount of info before transferred to long-term storage or forgotten.

Question 4

What is long-term memory?

Answer 4

Has capacity to store vast amount of info for as little as 30 seconds and as long as a lifetime.

Question 5

What is working memory?

Answer 5

Required to attend to and solve a problem; used interchangeably with short-term memory.

Question 6

What is chunking?

Answer 6

Breaking down a list of items to be remembered into a smaller set of meaningful units.

Question 7

What is rehearsal?

Answer 7

Repeatedly practising material so that it enters long-term memory.

Question 8

What is serial position effect?

Answer 8

Tendency to have better recall for items in a list according to their position in the list.

Question 9

What is procedural memory?

Answer 9

Made up of implicit knowledge for almost any behaviour or physical skill we have learned.

Question 10

What is priming?

Answer 10

Implicit memory that arises when recall is improved by earlier exposure to same or similar stimuli.

Question 11

What is semantic memory?

Answer 11

Recalls facts and general knowledge.

Question 12

What is episodic memory?

Answer 12

Recalls experiences we had.

Question 13

What is encoding?

Answer 13

Process by which the brain attends to, takes in, and integrates new info; first stage of long-term memory formation.

Question 14

What is automatic processing?

Answer 14

Encoding of info that occurs with little effort or conscious attention to the task.

Question 15

What is effortful processing?

Answer 15

Encoding of info that occurs with careful attention, conscious effort.

Question 16

What is the concept of levels of processing?

Answer 16

The more deeply people encode info, the better they will recall it.

Question 17

What is dual coding theory?

Answer 17

Proposes visual and verbal info are processed by independent, non-competing systems.

Question 18

What is consolidation?

Answer 18

Established, stabilized, or solidifies a memory; second stage of long-term memory formation.

Question 19

What is storage?

Answer 19

Retention of memory over time; third stage of long-term memory formation.

Question 20

What are hierarchies?

Answer 20

Organizes related pieces of info from their most specific feature to the most general.

Question 21

What are schemas?

Answer 21

Mental frameworks that develop from experiences with particular people, objects, or events.

Question 22

What is an associative network?

Answer 22

Chain of associations between related concepts.

Question 23

What is retrieval?

Answer 23

Recovery of info stored in memory; fourth stage of long-term memory.

Question 24

What is flashbulb memory?

Answer 24

Vivid memory for emotional event of great significance.

Question 25

What is interference?

Answer 25

Disruption of memory - other info competes with info trying to be recalled.

Question 26

What is retroactive interference?

Answer 26

Disruption of memory - new experiences/info cause forgetting of previously learned experiences/info.

Question 27

What is proactive interference?

Answer 27

Disruption of memory - previously learned info interferes with learning of new info.

Question 28

What is the forgetting curve?

Answer 28

Graphic depiction of how recall steadily declined over time.

Question 29

What is transience?

Answer 29

Most common type of forgetfulness due to fleeting nature of some memories.

Question 30

What is blocking?

Answer 30

Inability to retrieve some info once stored.

Question 31

What is repression?

Answer 31

Retrieval of encoded/stored memories actively inhibited.

Question 32

What is misattribution?

Answer 32

Belief that a memory came from one source when it came from another.

Question 33

What is persistence?

Answer 33

Repeated recall of good/bad experiences even when we actively try to forget them.

Question 34

What is consistency bias?

Answer 34

Selective recall of past events to fit current beliefs.

Question 35

What is suggestibility?

Answer 35

Occurs when memories are implanted based on leading questions, comments, suggestions by someone else or some other source.

Question 36

What is long-term potentiation?

Answer 36

Strengthening of synoptic connection when synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another.

Question 37

What is explicit memory?

Answer 37

Knowledge that consists of conscious recall of facts and events.