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BIOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the processing approach about?

A

Process via which memories are acquired/retrieved

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2
Q

What is the system approach?

A

Focused on structure that allows memory

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3
Q

Atkinson & Shiffrin Multi-store model:

What are the two components of sensory memory?

A

Echoic (Acoustic) store

Iconic (visual) store

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4
Q

Sperling 1960:

What did he study in sensory memory?

How many words could ppts correctly recall?

How long is the duration of sensory memory for iconic info?

A

Iconic

4/5

~0.5 secs

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5
Q

How long is duration for echoic memory?

A

2-4 secs

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6
Q

What is the duration of short term memory?

What is the capacity of short term memory?

How many numbers?

What is a process used to remember info in short term

A

~15 secs

Limited

7+/- 2 (Miller)

Chunking

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7
Q

What is the recency effect?

A

Individuals can recall words better from the end of the list better words which they heard last

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8
Q

What are retention intervals?

What happens when this is filled?

A

The amount of time between initial learning stage and memory recall stage

Filling retention intervals with tasks and material interrupted memory

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9
Q

What is the decay theory?

A

The idea that memory fades over time

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10
Q

What is the duration of LTM?

What is the capacity of LTM?

A

Unlimited

Unlimited

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11
Q

How is a computer similar to memory model?

A

Codes info, Stores info, uses info and produces output (retrieves info)

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12
Q

What is the Working memory model proposed by Baddeley & Hitch used as a support system for?

How many components is it made of?

A

Cognitive work such as reasoning, listening, making decisions

4

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13
Q

What is the episodic buffer and what does it deal with?

What does the phonological loop deal with?

What does the visual-spatial sketch pad deal with?

What does the central executive deal with?

A

Backup store, both LTM and WM

Spoken and written material

Visual and spatial info

Cognitive tasks (e.g. Mental arithmetic and problem solving)

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14
Q

What does the phonological loop consist of?

What is it important for?

A

Phonological store (inner ear)- direct access

Articulatory process (inner voice)- indirect access

Learning a language

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15
Q

What does visual-spatial sketchpad (inner eye) consist of?

A

Visual cache: visual form and colour> passive store

Inner actives: spatial and movement info> active process

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16
Q

What is the central executive thought to be?

What is it believed to involve activity of?

What does it consist of?

A

An attentional controller more than a memory store

PFC and parietal areas

3 executive processes

17
Q

One executive process is inhibition what is this?

A

Ability to inhibit prepotent responses

STROOP TEST
Say the colour not the word

18
Q

One other executive process is shifting what is it?

A

The ability to shift between multiple tasks

19
Q

One other executive process is updating what is it?

A

Updating and monitoring of WM

20
Q

Who was the episodic buffer added by?

A

Baddeley

21
Q

What does the episodic buffer do?
X2

What is believed to involve?

A

Integrates info from the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketch pad and LTM

Briefly stores info

Believed to involve activity of hippocampus

22
Q

What does Cowan’s Embedded Process theory suggest that WM depends on?

And is controlled by what?

What is activation limited to?

What is WM capacity limited to?

A

Activation of LTM
Attentional processes

10-20 secs

About 4 chunks

23
Q

What is encoding?

A

The initial learning of info or what it takes for something to be represented in memory

24
Q

What does levels of processing theory believe about recall performance?

What are the three different types of word? GPS

A

Influenced by the encoding process

Graphemic- appearance of the word
Phonetic- sound of the word
Semantic- meaning of the word

25
Q

What influences forgetting?

Which type of words are remembered more deeply?

A

Depth of processing

Semantic, if graphemic and phonetic they are shallow (Bartlett)

26
Q

What is self-reference?

What is survival processing?

What is circularity?

A

Remember information better if we are implicated in the information

Remember fitness information better as our memory evolved to help survival

27
Q

What are the encoding-related variables? 4 WCCS

A

Word frequency
Concreteness
Context reinstatement
Serial position

28
Q

What words are recalled better?

What words are recognised better?

A

High frequency words a re recalled better

Low frequency words are recognised better

29
Q

In terms of concreteness what words are recalled better?

A

Concrete words are recalled better than abstract words

30
Q

What is context reinstatement?

A

When study and test take part in the same context improves memory for recall but NOT always for RECOGNITION

31
Q

What is serial position?

A

Primacy effects- more likely to recall words that are studied at the beginning

Recency effects- more likely to recall words that are studied at the end

32
Q

What does the Brain Process of Encoding suggest?

A

Cells that fire together wire together
Brain neurons are stimulated and in turn stimulate other neurons via synapses
Leads to the formation of memories

33
Q

What is Lomo’s Long-term Potentiation?

A

Stimulate neuron A and record from neuron B

Strong stimulation of A leads to lasting over-response to weak stimulation in B

34
Q

The Hippocampus
Where is it located?

What is it crucial for?

What is it damaged in?

What is it?

A

Located in medial temporal lobe

Crucial for memory encoding

Damaged in amnesia

The index of the brain

35
Q

What is implicit learning? (Reber)

A

Encoding material without awareness

E.g. Artificial grammar tasks

36
Q

What entails artificial grammar?

A

Participants shown a series of letter strings following a rule that is not apparent e.g. Vowels follow X
Participants asked to memorise strings
Participants can recognise over 50% of words without guessing cannot say what rule is

37
Q

What does rule learning occur?

What does Shanks suggest implicit learning is as a process?

What can encoding of information occur?

A

Implicitly

Unintentional and unconscious

Deliberately or incidentally (outside of awareness)

BIOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE (13 decks)

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