Memory Flashcards by Chloe Torkington

What is the processing approach about?

Process via which memories are acquired/retrieved

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What is the system approach?

Focused on structure that allows memory

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Atkinson & Shiffrin Multi-store model:

What are the two components of sensory memory?

Echoic (Acoustic) store

Iconic (visual) store

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Sperling 1960:

What did he study in sensory memory?

How many words could ppts correctly recall?

How long is the duration of sensory memory for iconic info?

Iconic

4/5

~0.5 secs

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How long is duration for echoic memory?

2-4 secs

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What is the duration of short term memory?

What is the capacity of short term memory?

How many numbers?

What is a process used to remember info in short term

~15 secs

Limited

7+/- 2 (Miller)

Chunking

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What is the recency effect?

Individuals can recall words better from the end of the list better words which they heard last

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What are retention intervals?

What happens when this is filled?

The amount of time between initial learning stage and memory recall stage

Filling retention intervals with tasks and material interrupted memory

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What is the decay theory?

The idea that memory fades over time

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What is the duration of LTM?

What is the capacity of LTM?

Unlimited

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How is a computer similar to memory model?

Codes info, Stores info, uses info and produces output (retrieves info)

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What is the Working memory model proposed by Baddeley & Hitch used as a support system for?

How many components is it made of?

Cognitive work such as reasoning, listening, making decisions

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What is the episodic buffer and what does it deal with?

What does the phonological loop deal with?

What does the visual-spatial sketch pad deal with?

What does the central executive deal with?

Backup store, both LTM and WM

Spoken and written material

Visual and spatial info

Cognitive tasks (e.g. Mental arithmetic and problem solving)

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What does the phonological loop consist of?

What is it important for?

Phonological store (inner ear)- direct access

Articulatory process (inner voice)- indirect access

Learning a language

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What does visual-spatial sketchpad (inner eye) consist of?

Visual cache: visual form and colour> passive store

Inner actives: spatial and movement info> active process

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What is the central executive thought to be?

What is it believed to involve activity of?

What does it consist of?

An attentional controller more than a memory store

PFC and parietal areas

3 executive processes

One executive process is inhibition what is this?

Ability to inhibit prepotent responses

STROOP TEST
Say the colour not the word

One other executive process is shifting what is it?

The ability to shift between multiple tasks

One other executive process is updating what is it?

Updating and monitoring of WM

Who was the episodic buffer added by?

Baddeley

What does the episodic buffer do?
X2

What is believed to involve?

Integrates info from the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketch pad and LTM

Briefly stores info

Believed to involve activity of hippocampus

What does Cowan’s Embedded Process theory suggest that WM depends on?

And is controlled by what?

What is activation limited to?

What is WM capacity limited to?

Activation of LTM
Attentional processes

10-20 secs

About 4 chunks

What is encoding?

The initial learning of info or what it takes for something to be represented in memory

What does levels of processing theory believe about recall performance?

What are the three different types of word? GPS

Influenced by the encoding process

Graphemic- appearance of the word
Phonetic- sound of the word
Semantic- meaning of the word

What influences forgetting? Which type of words are remembered more deeply?

Depth of processing Semantic, if graphemic and phonetic they are shallow (Bartlett)

What is self-reference? What is survival processing? What is circularity?

Remember information better if we are implicated in the information Remember fitness information better as our memory evolved to help survival

What are the encoding-related variables? 4 WCCS

Word frequency Concreteness Context reinstatement Serial position

What words are recalled better? | What words are recognised better?

High frequency words a re recalled better Low frequency words are recognised better

In terms of concreteness what words are recalled better?

Concrete words are recalled better than abstract words

What is context reinstatement?

When study and test take part in the same context improves memory for recall but NOT always for RECOGNITION

What is serial position?

Primacy effects- more likely to recall words that are studied at the beginning Recency effects- more likely to recall words that are studied at the end

What does the Brain Process of Encoding suggest?

Cells that fire together wire together Brain neurons are stimulated and in turn stimulate other neurons via synapses Leads to the formation of memories

What is Lomo's Long-term Potentiation?

Stimulate neuron A and record from neuron B | Strong stimulation of A leads to lasting over-response to weak stimulation in B

The Hippocampus Where is it located? What is it crucial for? What is it damaged in? What is it?

Located in medial temporal lobe Crucial for memory encoding Damaged in amnesia The index of the brain

What is implicit learning? (Reber)

Encoding material without awareness | E.g. Artificial grammar tasks

What entails artificial grammar?

Participants shown a series of letter strings following a rule that is not apparent e.g. Vowels follow X Participants asked to memorise strings Participants can recognise over 50% of words without guessing cannot say what rule is

What does rule learning occur? What does Shanks suggest implicit learning is as a process? What can encoding of information occur?

Implicitly Unintentional and unconscious Deliberately or incidentally (outside of awareness)