Memory

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

An active system that receives information from senses converts the info into a sustainable form, organises it , stores it away and retrieves it.

Question 2

3 memory processes

Answer 2

encoding+ input
storage
retrieving

Question 3

encoding

Answer 3

set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a from that is useable in the brain’s storage systems.

Question 4

storage

Answer 4

retention of encoded information for a period of time

Question 5

retrieval

Answer 5

getting information out of storage

Question 6

info processing model

Answer 6

comprehensive and influential
FOCUS: processing of information through 3 memory processes (ESR)
sequential process
Focuses on the way information is processed through different stages of memory
length remembered depends on stage of storage

Question 7

parallel distribution processing model

Answer 7

focus on simultaneous processing of info across multiple neural networks
memory creation and storage involves series of mental networks stretched across the brain
allows retrieval of different aspects of memory all at once.

Question 8

levels of processing model

Answer 8

depth of processing associated with specific information/longer retention
duration depends on depth which info is encoded

Question 9

memory retention

Answer 9

maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal

Question 10

sensory memory

Answer 10

the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems.

Question 11

iconic

Answer 11

involves the recollection of visual information after a short period of time.

Question 12

echoic

Answer 12

brief memory of something a person has heard.

Question 13

short term memory

Answer 13

memory important enough enters conscious (Sensory-STM)

Question 14

selective attention

Answer 14

the ability to focus on only 1 stimulus from amongst all sensory input.

Question 15

working memory

Answer 15

an active system that processes the information present in STM

1) central executive
2) visual sketchpad
3) auditory recorder

Question 16

long term memory

Answer 16

the system into which all info is placed permanently
unlimited capacity
implicit/explicits

Question 17

emotional associations

Answer 17

amygdala

Question 18

cerebellum/hindbrain

Answer 18

storage of memories w/ conditioned responses,skills, habits

Question 19

implicit / non-declaritive

Answer 19

memories for skills
emotional associations
habits
conditional reflexes
not easily retrieved into conscious awareness

Question 20

explicit/ declarative

Answer 20

everything we can know facts and info that make up knowledge

Question 21

semantic

Answer 21

general knowledge that anyone has the ability to know

Question 22

episodic

Answer 22

personal knowledge that people have of their life and personal history.

Question 23

long term memory organisation

Answer 23

semantic: info stored in the brain in a connected fashion w/ related concepts stored close together

Question 24

encoding specificity

Answer 24

connection between surroundings and encoded information

memory tends to be improved if retrieval and encoding conditions are similar.

Question 25

context dependant learning

Answer 25

physical surroundings when encoding

Question 26

state dependant learning

Answer 26

memories formed in particular psychological state.

Question 27

recall

Answer 27

memories are retrieved w/ few to no cues struggle= recall failed Tip of the tongue effect

Question 28

recognition

Answer 28

looking/hearing info matching to what is already in memory

Question 29

automatic encoding

Answer 29

tendency of certain kinds of into to enter LTM with little to no effort encoding.

Question 30

flashbulb memory

Answer 30

highly emotional events can often seem vivid and detailed | emotional reactions release hormones

Question 31

constructive processing

Answer 31

memories are not accurate with time inaccuracies occur (creating a story) current knowledge interferes creating a new altered memory. LOFTUS: memories are reconstructed from stored info.

Question 32

hindsight bias

Answer 32

the tendency of people to falsely believe they would've accurately predicted an outcome without having been told about it in advance.

Question 33

misinformation effect

Answer 33

tendency of misleading information presented after the event to alter the memory.

Question 34

false memory syndrome

Answer 34

creation of inaccurate or false memories of events that never took place through the suggestion of others. PLAUSIBLE INFO THAT BACKS UP EVENT (Loftus)

Question 35

ebbinghaus/ forgetting curve

Answer 35

forgetting happens quickly within the first hour and then tapers off gradually

Question 36

encoding failure

Answer 36

the failure to process information into memory | not paying attention - does not get passed sensory memory.

Question 37

memory trace decay

Answer 37

physical change in the brain perhaps in a neutron or the brain activity between a neutron. occurs when a memory is formed decay over time not brought to attention in sensory memory = decay

Question 38

interference theory

Answer 38

retrieval affected by practice or retroactive interference.

Question 39

proactive interference

Answer 39

tendency for older/previously learnt material to interfere with learning or retrieval of new information

Question 40

retroactive interference

Answer 40

newer info interferes with the retrieval of older information

Question 41

non-declaritive/ procedural (Brain)

Answer 41

cerebellum

Question 42

STM (brain)

Answer 42

pre-frontal cortex, temporal lobe

Question 43

Fear (brain)

Answer 43

amygdala

Question 44

semantic/episodic

Answer 44

frontal/temporal lobe

Question 45

memory formation

Answer 45

many changes in the number of receptor sites changes in sensitivity of the synapse through repeated stimulation (long term potention) changes in dendrites and protein in neurons.

Question 46

the hippocampus

Answer 46

formation of LT declarative memory

Question 47

repression

Answer 47

psychologically motivated forgetting (traumatic events)

Question 48

reterograde amnesia

Answer 48

hippocampus temporarily disconnected loss of memory from injury backwards consolidation process making physical changes to allow new memories is disrupted and loses everything that was not already finished

Question 49

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 49

loss of memories from the injury forward senile dementia= severe forgetfulness, mental confusion, mood swings (retero/antero) cannot store new info