Memory

Question 1

Which two psychologists proposed the multi-store model?

Answer 1

Atkinson and Sheffrin (1968, 1971)

Question 2

State the 3 short term memory stores, as part of the multi-store model.

Answer 2

• Iconic
• Echoic
• Other sensory stores

Question 3

What does the iconic memory store process?

Answer 3

• Visual stimuli into Visually coded information.

Question 4

What does the echoic memory store process?

Answer 4

• Auditory stimuli into acoustically coded information.

Question 5

By what process to information from the Short term memory store become stored in the long term memory?

Answer 5

Prolonged rehearsal.

Question 6

How is information moved from Long term memory back to the short term memory?

Answer 6

Retrieval

Question 7

How is information lost from the sensory memory according to the working memory model?

Answer 7

Decay

Question 8

What is the capacity of the Central executive?

Answer 8

4 chunks of information.

Question 9

What is chunking?

Answer 9

When similar information is clumped together into group.

Question 10

What are the two sub-sections of the phonological loop?

Answer 10

• Phonological store.

- Articulatory process.

Question 11

What 3 divisions stem off from the central executive?

Answer 11

• Phonological loop
• Long term memory
• Visio-spatial sketchpad

Question 12

What is the short term memory capacity?

Answer 12

7 + or - 2

Question 13

What is the long term memory capacity?

Answer 13

Unlimited.

Question 14

Which psychological study looked into the capacity of the two memory stores?

Answer 14

Miller (1956)

Question 15

What were the 4 conditions of Baddelly (1966) study?

Answer 15

• Acoustically similar
• Acoustically dissimilar
• Semantically similar
• Semantically dissimilar

Question 16

How is the Short term memory coded?

Answer 16

Acoustically

Question 17

How is the long term memory coded?

Answer 17

Semantically

Question 18

What type of variable did Bharick have no control over?

Answer 18

Confounding variables

Question 19

What percentage recognition did Bahrick participants have after 15 years?

Answer 19

90%

Question 20

How did Peterson and Peterson (1959) test duration?

Answer 20

• Using triagrams and asking participants to recall after counting down from their given number.
• Participants were asked to stop after, 3,6,9,12,15 or 18 seconds.

Question 21

What did the use of counting down in the Peterson and Peterson (1959) study prevent from happening?

Answer 21

Mental rehearsal

Question 22

What are the 3 types of long term memory?

Answer 22

1. Episodic
2. Procedural
3. Semantic

Question 23

Which type of long term memory is responsible for recalling events?

Answer 23

• Episodic.

Question 24

What type of long term memory is responsible for recalling how to do something?

Answer 24

• Procedural.

Question 25

Which type of long term memory is responsible for recalling your memory of world facts?

Answer 25

- Semantic.

Question 26

Which hypothesis suggests that anxiety has an optimum value?

Answer 26

Inverted U Hypothesis.

Question 27

How does the fight or flight response aid recall?

Answer 27

- Increases anxiety level and awareness. | - Increased awareness means that attention to cues is greater.

Question 28

What is the tunnel effect theory?

Answer 28

Witness attention narrows to focus on a key cue.

Question 29

Which psychologists suggested that lower anxiety has better recall than high anxiety level?

Answer 29

Johnson and Scott (1976)

Question 30

How did Johnson and Scott (1976) prove that a weapon presence alters recall?

Answer 30

- Had participants waiting for a lab experiment (False pretense). - One group of participants saw a many cross the room following an argument holding a pen. - The other group saw the same man after the same argument except he was holding a paper knife.

Question 31

What is the post-event discussion principle?

Answer 31

When two co-witness of an event converse about the event their memory of the event becomes contaminated.

Question 32

Which psychologists found 71% of participants incorrectly recalled following post-event discussion?

Answer 32

Gabbert et al (2003)

Question 33

What is the substitution explanation of misleading information?

Answer 33

Wording of the question effects the memories of the participant.

Question 34

Which psychologists suggested the substitution explanation as a way of explaining the effects of leading questions?

Answer 34

Loftus and Palmer (1974).

Question 35

What is the response bias explanation into misleading information?

Answer 35

The wording of the question doesn't effect the participants memories but it does effect how the answer the question.

Question 36

What is a leading question?

Answer 36

A question in which the phrasing suggests a certain answer.

Question 37

What are the 4 aspects of the cognitive interview?

Answer 37

- Report everything. - Reinstate the context. - Reverse the order. - Change perspective.

Question 38

Which psychologists propose the enhanced cognitive interview?

Answer 38

Fisher et al (1987)

Question 39

How does the cognitive interview benefit the economy?

Answer 39

- Alters police interviews and misleading information leading to wrongful convictions. - This means there is less time spent on chasing the wrong individual. - This means less money from the economy is spent by the police force wrongfully.

Question 40

In McGeoch and McDonald (1931) which group had the best recall?

Answer 40

- Group 6 - No new list of words.

Question 41

What are the groups in the McGeoch and Mcdonald (1931) study?

Answer 41

1. Synonyms 2. Antonyms 3. Unrealted to the original list. 4. Consonant Syllables. 5. Three digit numbers 6. No new list

Question 42

What is the encoding specificity principle?

Answer 42

If a cue to aid recall it needs to be present at the encoding stage.

Question 43

Which psychologist present the encoding specificity principle?

Answer 43

Tulving (1983)

Question 44

What is context dependent forgetting?

Answer 44

Recall is more accurate if it takes place in the same context as it learnt in.

Question 45

Which psychologists supported the context dependent forgetting explanation?

Answer 45

Godden and Baddelly (1975)

Question 46

What is state dependent forgetting?

Answer 46

Recall is better if the internal state is the same in which the information is learnt in.

Question 47

Which psychologists supported the state dependent forgetting explanation?

Answer 47

Carter and Crossley (1998)

Question 48

State and explain to the two types of interference.

Answer 48

``` Proactive = When old information hinders the ability to recall new information. Retroactive = When new information hinders the ability to recall old information. ```