Memory Flashcards

Question

What experiment did Baddeley and Hitch (1976) do to show STM could be divided into several components?

Answer 1

-Independent groups IV (1): CE occupied by repeating a word IV (2): CE and AL occupied by repeating random number sequence DV: true/false task accuracy Findings: reduced accuracy when 2 WM areas used together Conclusion: existence of CE and AL is supported and they are functionally different

Answer 2

- )Episodic - narrative, conscious, relies on hippocampus e.g. any story you can tell about your life, learned from HM and brain scans - )Semantic- meaning/fact e.g. something you can tell e.g. capitals cities (you haven't been there you just know it) - )Procedural- unconscious, physical memories, you can become good at something without knowing e.g. playing the piano

Answer 3

An explanation for forgetting in terms of one memory disrupting the ability to recall another (usually if there are some similarities)

Answer 4

Proactive interference- past learning interferes with current attempts to learn something Retroactive interference- current attempts to learn something interferes with past learning

Answer 5

-The reason we forget is due to insufficient cues - All memories are encoded with info from the environment, semantic memory - Cues enable us to remember something - Memories are like a web in the mind, you can't remember one thing without remembering another

Answer 6

The greater the similarity between the encoding event and the retrieval event, the greater the likelihood of recalling the original event

Answer 7

Context- external environment cues (you remember things better when in the same environment) , context dependent forgetting. State- internal cues (you remember things better when in the same condition e.g. drunk, sober) state dependent forgetting.

Answer 8

Aim to investigate whether context affects memory (-repeated measures, counterbalanced) -scuba divers given a list of words IV : on land or in water DV: number of words correctly recalled Findings- recall was significantly better in original context Conclusion- forgetting is context dependent

Answer 9

Aim- to discover if mental/physical state affects memory (-independent groups, not matched pairs) Male volunteers given a list of words IV: At 3 times legal drink drive limit DV: number of words correctly recalled 24 hours after Findings- recall was better in original state (even if drunk) Conclusion- forgetting is state dependent

Answer 10

The more similar the interference is to the words being remembered, the worse recall is

Answer 11

``` Natural study Got rugby players IV (1): player injured after 3rd game IV(2): player played the whole season DV: How many names these players could recall findings- fewer games = more accurate ```

Answer 12

P-Too simplistic E- HM procedure/ conversation (epilepsy/ brain injury, neglect) E- Hm is difficult to generalise L- Ext validity low/ not representative P-Ecologically valid E- Meta analysis scans show hippocampus use is the same in everyone E - however in Hm, one patient isn't enough to generalise, research wasn't finished L- high external validity P- 3 types of LTM not enough (actually 4) E- emotional/ associate memory shown with priming E- int validity/ Hm only shows 3 types L uses a scientific method

Answer 13

Can make memories stronger or worse

Answer 14

Christianson and Hubinette- 1993 - quasi Aim- investigate effects of anxiety on eyewitness recall, with 58 real bank robbery witnesses, 4-15 months after incident. Iv (1) - victim of crime (bank teller) Iv (2) - bystander Dv- detail match to cctv of crime Findings- all victims above 75% accuracy, victims with more anxiety had better recall Conclusion- semantic/ episodic memory formation is better when anxious

Answer 15

Johnson and Scott- 1976 Aim- investigate the effects of anxiety on eyewitness recall Iv (1)- see confederate holding a greasy pen Iv (2)- " " " " bloody knife Dv- ID of criminal accuracy Finding- Pen- 49% recalled Knife- 33% recall Conclusion- weapon focus effect

Answer 16

Level of arousal affects quality of performance | Too low of too high arousal makes performance worse.

Answer 17

``` PPt's had to estimate speed of car. Iv- verb used ppt's watched a car crash and then asked a critical questions findings - contacted, 31.8mph Smashed, 40.8 mph ```

Answer 18

memories are changed every time they are recalled.

Answer 19

P- High validity- later research it is shown that you can implant false memories using misleading language E- ppts who read non disney as a child were more likely than controls to report they met these characters at disneyland as a child E- shows false info was implanted, shows broken glass condition L- shows test-retest reliability P- artificial setting E- didn't use real crimes- research shows that real crimes have more accurate recall E- L & P's lab experiment has poor mundane realism and demand c's, guessed hypothesis L- low ecological validity. P- used mainly uni students E- Similar ages E- Similar IQ- extraneous variables, different ages have better or worse memory- cannot be generalised and low pop val L- cannot be generalised

Answer 20

Report everything- recall everything Change the perspective Change the order Mental reinstatement- back to where it happened

Answer 21

Avoid reconstruction | Memories interconnected

Answer 22

lowers anxiety avoid interference theory avoid reconstruction

Answer 23

Avoid reconstruction/ schema interference theory

Answer 24

Allows for state/ context dependent memory | Makes memories accessible

Answer 25

- structured - up to 50% more info recalled - open ended questions mean witnesses report memories in their own words

Answer 26

- time consuming - intensive for the interviewer - only useful with cooperative witnesses - danger of asking leading questions

Answer 27

P- some suggest Y-D curve is too simplistic, lacking internal validity E- Recall tests show very sudden decline after peak anxiety was passed E- Furthermore, catastrophic theory which suggests that stress can switch off a massive part of your brain L- Means you can experience PTSD P- Issue with WFE theory is that anxiety may not be the cause E- evidence from this involving a raw chicken rather than a knife of pen E- Both studies here concern violent crimes, other experiment have shown recall difference between these and non violent crimes L- Mean Johnson and Scott and Christiansen and Hubinette suffer from poor ecological validity, as most crimes not violent P- individual differences are an issue in all tests E- ppts took a personality test which shows some people are neurotic- meaning they worry a lot E- Other individual differences such as IQ can have an effect on results L- these extraneous variables can affect all tests- low ecological validity